Icyiciro cyambere cyinganda za valve (1949-1959)
01Gutegura gukora kugirango ubukungu bwigihugu bugaruke
Igihe cyo kuva 1949 kugeza 1952 cyari igihe igihugu cyanjye cyazamutse mu bukungu.Bitewe nubwubatsi bwubukungu bukenewe, igihugu gikeneye byihutirwa umubare muniniindanga, si gusaumuvuduko muke, ariko kandi icyiciro cyumuvuduko mwinshi kandi uringaniye utarakozwe muricyo gihe.Uburyo bwo gutunganya umusaruro wa valve kugirango uhuze ibyifuzo byihutirwa byigihugu ni umurimo uremereye kandi utoroshye.
1. Kuyobora no gushyigikira umusaruro
Dukurikije politiki yo “guteza imbere umusaruro, guteza imbere ubukungu, hitawe ku bantu ndetse n’abikorera ku giti cyabo, no kugirira akamaro abakozi n’ishoramari”, guverinoma y’abaturage yakoresheje uburyo bwo gutunganya no gutumiza, kandi ishyigikira cyane ibigo byigenga n'ibiciriritse kugeza fungura kandi utange indangagaciro.Ku mugoroba ubanziriza ishingwa rya Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, uruganda rukora ibyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa amaherezo rwahagaritse ubucuruzi bwarwo kubera amadeni aremereye kandi nta soko ry’ibicuruzwa byarwo, hasigara abakozi 7 gusa barinda uruganda, kandi bagurisha ibikoresho 14 by’imashini kugira ngo babungabunge amafaranga yakoreshejwe.Nyuma yo gushingwa Ubushinwa bushya, ku nkunga ya guverinoma y’abaturage, uruganda rwongeye gukora, kandi umubare w’abakozi muri uwo mwaka wiyongereye uva kuri 7 ugera kuri 96 igihe watangiraga.Nyuma, uruganda rwemeye gutunganya ibikoresho bya Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, kandi umusaruro wafashe isura nshya.Umubare w'abakozi wiyongereye ugera kuri 329, buri mwaka umusaruro uva ku maseti 610 y’imyanda itandukanye, hamwe n’umusaruro ufite agaciro ka 830.000.Muri icyo gihe kimwe muri Shanghai, ntabwo ibigo byigenga byabyaye ibicuruzwa byongeye gufungura, ahubwo hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu, umubare munini w’ibigo bito byigenga byafunguye cyangwa bihindura kubyara ibicuruzwa, bituma ishyirahamwe ry’ishyirahamwe ry’ibikoresho byubaka kuri icyo gihe cyaguka vuba.
2. Kugura no kugurisha hamwe, tegura umusaruro wa valve
Hamwe n’ibigo byinshi byigenga bihinduka umusaruro wa valve, ishyirahamwe ryambere ryubwubatsi bwa Shanghai ryubatswe ntirwashoboye kuzuza ibisabwa byiterambere.Mu 1951, uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa bya Shanghai rwashizeho imishinga 6 ihuriweho kugirango ikore imirimo yo gutunganya no gutumiza ikigo cya Shanghai cyogutanga amasoko yo mubushinwa gikora imashini zikoresha imashini, kandi kigashyira mubikorwa kugura no kugurisha hamwe.Kurugero, Daxin Iron Work, ikora umurimo wubunini bunini bwizina ryumuvuduko muke muto, hamwe na Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong na Lianggong Machinery uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa byumuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati, byose bishyigikiwe na Shanghai. Biro ya Komine ishinzwe ibikorwa rusange, Minisiteri yinganda zo muburasirazuba bwubushinwa hamwe na lisansi yo hagati.Bayobowe nubuyobozi bwa peteroli muri minisiteri yinganda, amabwiriza ataziguye ashyirwa mubikorwa, hanyuma ahindukirira ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa.Guverinoma y’abaturage yafashije ibigo byigenga gutsinda ingorane z’umusaruro n’igurisha binyuze muri politiki ihuriweho n’ubuguzi n’igurisha, mu ikubitiro ihindura imiyoborere y’ubukungu y’ibigo byigenga, inatezimbere ishyaka ry’umusaruro wa ba nyir'ubucuruzi n’abakozi, basigaye inyuma cyane mu ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho nuburyo uruganda rumeze Mubihe, rwatanze umubare munini wibicuruzwa bya valve kubigo byingenzi nkinganda zamashanyarazi, inganda zibyuma nimirima ya peteroli kugirango bongere umusaruro.
3. Iterambere ryo kugarura serivisi zubwubatsi bwigihugu
Muri gahunda y’imyaka itanu yambere, leta yagaragaje imishinga 156 yingenzi yubwubatsi, muri yo gusana ibikorwa bya peteroli ya Yumen hamwe n’umusaruro w’isosiyete ya Anshan Iron and Steel ni imishinga ibiri minini.Mu rwego rwo gusubukura umusaruro muri peteroli ya Yumen vuba bishoboka, Ibiro bishinzwe ibikomoka kuri peteroli muri minisiteri y’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli byateguye umusaruro w’ibikoresho bya peteroli muri Shanghai.Uruganda rukora ibyuma bya Shanghai Jinlong hamwe nabandi bakoze umurimo wo kugerageza-gukora icyiciro cyimyanda iciriritse.Birashoboka kwiyumvisha ingorane zo gukora igeragezwa ritanga ingufu ziciriritse zinganda zinganda ntoya.Ubwoko bumwebumwe bushobora kwiganwa gusa ukurikije ingero zitangwa nabakoresha, kandi ibintu bifatika birasuzumwa kandi bigashushanywa.Kubera ko ubwiza bwibyuma bitari byiza bihagije, umubiri wambere wicyuma cya valve yagombaga guhinduka ukibagirwa.Muri kiriya gihe, nta gucukura kwari gupfuye kugirango habeho gutunganya umwobo wa oblique umubiri wa valve yisi, ku buryo washoboraga gucukurwa n'intoki gusa, hanyuma ugakosorwa na fitteri.Nyuma yo gutsinda ingorane nyinshi, amaherezo twatsinze igeragezwa rya NPS3 / 8 ~ NPS2 icyuma giciriritse cyicyuma cyinjiriro hamwe na valve yisi, byakiriwe neza nabakoresha.Mu gice cya kabiri cy'umwaka wa 1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong n'izindi nganda zashinzwe umurimo wo gukora igeragezwa no kubyaza umusaruro ibyuma bya peteroli bikomoka kuri peteroli.Muri kiriya gihe, ibishushanyo mbonera by’Abasoviyeti byakoreshwaga, kandi abatekinisiye biga kubikora, kandi batsinze ingorane nyinshi mu musaruro.Umusaruro w’igeragezwa w’ibikoresho by’ibyuma bya Shanghai byateguwe na Minisiteri ya peteroli, kandi ubona ubufatanye bw’inganda zitandukanye muri Shanghai.Uruganda rwa Aziya (ubu ni uruganda rwo gusana imashini za Shanghai) rwatanze ibyuma byujuje ibyangombwa, kandi uruganda rwa Sifang Boiler rwafashaga guturika.Ikizamini amaherezo cyatsinze umusaruro wikigereranyo cyicyuma cya valve prototype, hanyuma gihita gitegura umusaruro mwinshi cyohereza muri Yumen Oilfield kugirango ikoreshwe mugihe.Muri icyo gihe, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Work na Shanghai Daxin Iron Work nayo yatanzeUmuvuduko mukehamwe nubunini bunini bwizina ryamashanyarazi, Anshan Iron and Steel Company kugirango isubukure umusaruro nubwubatsi bwumujyi.
Mugihe cyo kuzamura ubukungu bwigihugu, inganda zigihugu cya valve zateye imbere byihuse.Mu 1949, umusaruro wa valve wari 387t gusa, wiyongereye kugera kuri 1015t mu 1952. Mu buryo bwa tekiniki, washoboye gukora ibyuma by’ibyuma bikozwe mu byuma hamwe n’imyuka minini y’umuvuduko ukabije, bidatanga gusa imipira ijyanye no kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu, ariko shiraho kandi urufatiro rwiza rwiterambere ryigihe kizaza cyinganda zubushinwa.
02Inganda za valve zatangiye
Mu 1953, igihugu cyanjye cyatangiye gahunda y’imyaka itanu yambere, kandi inganda n’inganda nka peteroli, inganda z’imiti, metallurgie, amashanyarazi n’amakara byose byihutishije umuvuduko w’iterambere.Muri iki gihe, ibikenerwa na valve biragwira.Muri kiriya gihe, nubwo hari umubare munini winganda nto zigenga zitanga indangagaciro, imbaraga zabo za tekinike zari zifite intege nke, ibikoresho byabo byarashaje, inganda zabo zari zoroshye, umunzani wabo wari muto cyane, kandi zari ziratatanye.Mu rwego rwo kuzuza ibisabwa mu iterambere ryihuse ry’ubukungu bw’igihugu, Minisiteri ya mbere y’inganda z’imashini (yitwa Minisiteri ya mbere y’imashini) ikomeje kuvugurura no guhindura imishinga y’abikorera ku giti cyabo no kwagura umusaruro wa valve.Mugihe kimwe, hariho gahunda nintambwe zo kubaka umugongo ningenzi byingenzi.Enterprises, inganda zigihugu cya valve zatangiye gutangira.
1. Kuvugurura inganda za kabiri za valve muri Shanghai
Nyuma y'Ubushinwa bushya, Ishyaka ryashyize mu bikorwa politiki yo “gukoresha, gukumira no guhindura” inganda n’ubucuruzi by’abashoramari.
Byagaragaye ko muri Shanghai hari inganda nto 60 cyangwa 70.Uruganda runini muri izo nganda rwari rufite abantu 20 kugeza 30 gusa, kandi rutoya rwari rufite abantu bake.Nubwo izo nganda za valve zitanga indangagaciro, tekinoroji nubuyobozi byazo birasubira inyuma cyane, ibikoresho ninyubako zuruganda biroroshye, kandi nuburyo bwo gukora buroroshye.Bamwe bafite umusarani umwe cyangwa ibiri yoroshye cyangwa ibikoresho byimashini zumukandara, kandi hariho itanura ryingenzi gusa ryo gutara, ibyinshi bikoreshwa nintoki., nta bushobozi bwo gushushanya nibikoresho byo kugerageza.Iki kibazo ntigikwiye kubyazwa umusaruro ugezweho, cyangwa ntigishobora kuzuza ibisabwa byateganijwe byigihugu, kandi ntibishoboka kugenzura ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bya valve.Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, Guverinoma y’abaturage y’umujyi wa Shanghai yashyizeho umushinga uhuriweho n’abakora valve muri Shanghai, inashyiraho imiyoboro ya Shanghai ya Shanghai No 1, No 2, No 3, No 4, No 5, No 6 n’izindi ibigo bikuru.Uhujije ibyavuzwe haruguru, ubuyobozi bukomatanyije mubijyanye nikoranabuhanga nubuziranenge, bihuza neza imiyoborere itatanye kandi irimo akajagari, bityo bikangurira cyane ishyaka rya benshi mubakozi kubaka kubaka ubusosiyalisiti, iyi niyo yambere yambere ivugurura ryinganda za valve.
Nyuma y’ubufatanye bwa leta n’abikorera mu 1956, inganda za valve muri Shanghai zahinduwe bwa kabiri n’ivugururwa ry’inganda ku rugero runini, maze hashyirwaho ibigo by’umwuga nka Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, uruganda rukora ibikomoka kuri peteroli hamwe n’isosiyete ikora imashini rusange.Isosiyete ya valve yabanje gukorana n’inganda zikora ibyuma byubaka yashinze Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, na Xie mu karere.Hano hari inganda zigera kuri 20 muri Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, nibindi. Buri ruganda rwagati rufite inganda nyinshi za satelite zishinzwe.Ishami ry’ishyaka hamwe n’abakozi bahurijwe hamwe n’abakozi bashinzwe uruganda rwagati.Guverinoma yashyizeho abahagarariye rubanda kuyobora imirimo y’ubuyobozi, kandi ishyiraho n’imiryango ikora ubucuruzi, itangwa, n’imari, kandi buhoro buhoro ishyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gucunga ibintu bisa n’ibigo bya Leta.Muri icyo gihe, agace ka Shenyang nako kahujije inganda 21 nto muri ChengfaIremboUruganda.Kuva icyo gihe, leta yazanye umusaruro w’ibigo bito n'ibiciriritse mu nzira y’igenamigambi ry’igihugu binyuze mu bigo bishinzwe imiyoborere mu nzego zose, kandi itegura kandi itegura umusaruro wa valve.Iri ni impinduka mu micungire y’umusaruro w’ibigo bya valve kuva Ubushinwa bushya bwashingwa.
2. Uruganda rusange rwa Shenyang rwahinduye umusaruro wa valve
Muri icyo gihe kimwe no kuvugurura abakora valve muri Shanghai, Ishami rya mbere ry’imashini ryagabanyije umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bya buri ruganda rufitanye isano ritaziguye, kandi risobanura icyerekezo cy’umusaruro w’umwuga w’inganda zishamikiye ku nganda n’inganda nini za Leta.Uruganda rusange rwa Shenyang rwahinduwe rukora uruganda rukora valve.uruganda.Uwabanjirije uru ruganda yari bureaucratic capital capital office office nu ruganda rwa pseudo-nganda Dechang.Nyuma yo gushingwa Ubushinwa bushya, uruganda rwakoze cyane ibikoresho bitandukanye byimashini hamwe nuyoboro.Mu 1953, yatangiye gukora imashini zikora ibiti.Mu 1954, igihe yari iyobowe na Biro ya mbere ya Minisiteri y’imashini, yari ifite abakozi 1.585 hamwe n’ibice 147 by’imashini n’ibikoresho bitandukanye.Kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma, kandi imbaraga za tekinike zirakomeye.Kuva mu 1955, mu rwego rwo guhuza n'iterambere rya gahunda y'igihugu, yahinduye neza umusaruro wa valve, yubaka ibyuma byambere byo gukora ibyuma, guteranya, ibikoresho, gusana imashini n'amahugurwa yo gutera ibyuma, yubaka amahugurwa mashya yo gusudira no gusudira, maze ashyiraho a laboratoire nkuru hamwe na sitasiyo yo kugenzura.Abatekinisiye bamwe bimuwe mu ruganda rwa pompe rwa Shenyang.Mu 1956, 837t yaumuvuduko mukebyakozwe, kandi umusaruro mwinshi wumuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati watangiye.Mu 1959, hakozwe 4213t ya valve, harimo 1291t yumubyimba mwinshi kandi wo hagati.Mu 1962, ryiswe Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory maze rihinduka umwe mu mishinga minini y’umugongo mu nganda za valve.
3. Indunduro yambere yumusaruro wa valve
Mu minsi ya mbere yo gushinga Ubushinwa bushya, umusaruro wa valve mu gihugu cyanjye wakemuwe ahanini n’ubufatanye n’intambara.Mugihe cya "Great Leap Forward", inganda zigihugu cya valve zabonye umusaruro wambere wambere.Umusaruro wa Valve: 387t muri 1949, 8126t muri 1956, 49746t muri 1959, inshuro 128.5 zo muri 1949, ninshuro 6.1 zo muri 1956 igihe hashyirwaho ubufatanye bwa leta n’abikorera.Umusaruro w’umuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati watangiye bitinze, kandi umusaruro mwinshi watangiye mu 1956, umusaruro wa 175t.Mu 1959, umusaruro wageze kuri 1799t, wikubye inshuro 10.3 ugereranije n’umwaka wa 1956. Iterambere ryihuse ry’ubwubatsi bw’ubukungu bw’igihugu ryateje imbere intambwe nini y’inganda za valve.Mu 1955, Uruganda rwa Shanghai Lianggong Valve Uruganda rwatsinze igiti cya Noheri kuri Yumen Oilfield;Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa n’izindi nganda zikora imashini zageragejwe n’icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma, icyuma giciriritse giciriritse n’umuvuduko mwinshi hamwe n’umuvuduko w’izina ry’imirima y’amavuta n’ibihingwa by’ifumbire mvaruganda y’ifumbire mvaruganda ya PN160 na PN320;Uruganda rukora imashini rusange rwa Shenyang hamwe n’uruganda rukora ibyuma rwa Suzhou (rwabanjirije uruganda rwa Suzhou Valve) rwatsinze neza ibizamini byakozwe n’umuvuduko ukabije w’uruganda rw’ifumbire rwa Jilin;Uruganda rukora ibyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa rwatsinze igeragezwa ryakozwe mumashanyarazi yumuriro ufite ubunini bwa DN3000.Nibwo bunini bunini kandi buremereye mubushinwa muri kiriya gihe;Uruganda Rusange rwa Shenyang rwatsinze igeragezwa ryakozwe na ultra-high pressure valve ifite ubunini bwa nomero ya DN3 ~ DN10 hamwe numuvuduko wa nomero ya PN1500 ~ PN2000 kubikoresho byipimisha hagati ya polyethylene;Uruganda rukora ibyuma bya Shanghai Daxin rwakozwe mu nganda zikora ibyuma byubushyuhe bwo mu kirere Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo mu kirere bufite ubushyuhe bwa nomero ya DN600 na flue ya DN900;Uruganda rwa Dalian, Uruganda rwa Wafangdian, nibindi nabyo byageze ku iterambere ryihuse.Ubwiyongere bwubwinshi nubwinshi bwa valve byateje imbere iterambere ryinganda.By'umwihariko hamwe n’ubwubatsi bukenewe mu nganda za “Great Leap Forward”, inganda nto nini nini nini zavutse mu gihugu hose.Kugeza 1958, ibigo byigihugu bitanga umusaruro wa valve byari bifite Hafi ijana, bigize itsinda rinini ribyara umusaruro.Mu 1958, umusaruro wose wa valve wazamutse ugera kuri 24.163t, wiyongera 80% ugereranije na 1957;Muri kiriya gihe, umusaruro wigihugu cyanjye cya valve wagize indunduro yambere.Ariko, kubera itangizwa ryabakora valve, ryazanye kandi urukurikirane rwibibazo.Kurugero: gukurikirana gusa ingano, ntabwo ari ubuziranenge;"Gukora bito no gukora uburyo bunini, bwaho", kubura imiterere yikoranabuhanga;gushushanya mugihe ukora, kubura ibitekerezo bisanzwe;gukoporora no gukoporora, bitera urujijo rwa tekiniki.Bitewe na politiki yabo itandukanye, buriwese afite uburyo butandukanye.Ijambo ry'imibumbe ntirihuza ahantu hatandukanye, kandi igitutu cyizina nubunini bwizina ntabwo ari kimwe.Inganda zimwe zerekeza ku bipimo by’Abasoviyeti, zimwe zerekeza ku bipimo by’Ubuyapani, izindi zerekeza ku bipimo by’Abanyamerika n’Ubwongereza.Urujijo cyane.Kubijyanye nubwoko butandukanye, ibisobanuro, ibipimo bihuza, uburebure bwimiterere, imiterere yikizamini, ibipimo byikizamini, ibimenyetso byerekana irangi, umubiri na chimique, no gupima, nibindi. Ibigo byinshi bifata uburyo bumwe bwo guhuza "guhuza umubare wintebe", ubuziranenge ntabwo byemewe, umusaruro ntabwo uri hejuru, kandi inyungu zubukungu ntizitezimbere.Ibintu byariho icyo gihe "byari bitatanye, akajagari, bike, kandi biri hasi", ni ukuvuga inganda za valve zanyanyagiye hose, sisitemu yo gucunga akajagari, kutagira amahame ya tekiniki hamwe nibisobanuro bihuriweho, hamwe nubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, Leta yafashe icyemezo cyo gutegura abakozi bireba kugira ngo bakore ubushakashatsi ku musaruro w’igihuguindangantegoinganda.
4. Ubushakashatsi bwambere bwigihugu bwa valve
Kugirango tumenye uko umusaruro wa valve umeze, mu 1958, Biro ya mbere n'iya gatatu z'ishami rya mbere ry’imashini zateguye ubushakashatsi ku musaruro w’igihugu.Itsinda ry’iperereza ryagiye mu turere 4 n’imijyi 24 yo mu majyaruguru y’Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa bw’Amajyaruguru, Ubushinwa bw’Uburasirazuba n’Ubushinwa bwo mu majyepfo kugira ngo bukore iperereza ryuzuye ku nganda 90 za valve.Ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwakozwe mu gihugu hose kuva Repubulika y’Ubushinwa yashingwa.Muri kiriya gihe, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bakora inganda za valve zifite ubunini bunini kandi butandukanye kandi bwihariye, nk'uruganda rukora imashini rusange rwa Shenyang, uruganda rukora ibyuma rwa Shenyang Chengfa, uruganda rukora ibyuma rwa Suzhou, na Dalian Valve.Uruganda, Uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya Beijing (rwabanjirije uruganda rwa Valve rwa Beijing), Uruganda rwa Valve rwa Wafangdian, Uruganda rwa Chongqing, Uruganda rukora ibicuruzwa byinshi muri Shanghai na Shanghai Umuyoboro wa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 na 6, nibindi.
Binyuze mu iperereza, ibibazo nyamukuru biri mu musaruro wa valve byagaragaye ahanini:
1) Kutagira igenamigambi rusange no kugabana imirimo neza, bikavamo umusaruro mwinshi kandi bikagira ingaruka kubushobozi bwo gukora.
2) Ibicuruzwa bya valve ntabwo bihujwe, byateje ikibazo gikomeye kubakoresha no kubitunganya.
3) Ishingiro ryibikorwa byo gupima no kugenzura ni bibi cyane, kandi biragoye kwemeza ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bya valve n’umusaruro rusange.
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru, itsinda ry’iperereza ryashyikirije minisiteri n’ibiro ingamba eshatu, harimo gushimangira igenamigambi rusange, kugabana imirimo mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, no gutunganya umusaruro n’ibicuruzwa;gushimangira ubuziranenge n'imirimo yo kugenzura umubiri na chimique, gushyiraho ibipimo bihuriweho na valve;no gukora ubushakashatsi bwubushakashatsi.1. Abayobozi ba Biro ya 3 bashimangiye cyane ibi.Mbere ya byose, bibanze kumurimo usanzwe.Bashinze Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ikoranabuhanga gikora imashini muri Minisiteri ya mbere y’imashini gutunganya uruganda rukora valve kugira ngo hashyizweho ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibikoresho bya minisiteri byatanzwe na minisiteri, byashyizwe mu bikorwa mu nganda mu 1961. Mu rwego rwo kuyobora igishushanyo mbonera cya buri ruganda, ikigo cyateguye kandi icapura “Igitabo gikubiyemo igishushanyo mbonera”.Ibikoresho byifashishwa mu miyoboro yatanzwe na minisiteri ni icyiciro cya mbere cy’ibipimo ngenderwaho mu gihugu cyanjye, kandi “Igitabo gikubiyemo imfashanyigisho” ni cyo gitabo cya mbere cy’ubuhanga bwa tekinoroji cyakozwe na twe ubwacu, cyagize uruhare runini mu kuzamura urwego rw’ibishushanyo mbonera. ibicuruzwa mu gihugu cyanjye.Binyuze muri ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihugu hose, hamenyekanye ipfundo ry’iterambere ry’inganda z’igihugu cyanjye mu myaka 10 ishize, kandi hafashwe ingamba zifatika kandi zifatika zo gukuraho burundu kwigana akajagari k’umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa no kutagira ibipimo.Ubuhanga bwo gukora bwateye intambwe nini kandi butangira kwinjira mubyiciro bishya byo kwishushanya no gutunganya umusaruro mwinshi.
03 Incamake
Kuva 1949 kugeza 1959, igihugu cyanjyeindangainganda zahise zisubira mu kajagari k'Ubushinwa bwa kera zitangira gutangira;kuva kubungabunga, kwigana kwikorera wenyinedesign no gukora, kuva mubikorwa byumuvuduko muke kugeza kubyara ibicuruzwa byumuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati, byabanje gukora inganda zikora valve.Ariko, kubera iterambere ryihuse ryumuvuduko wumusaruro, hari nibibazo bimwe.Kuva ryinjizwa muri gahunda y'igihugu, ku buyobozi bukuru bwa Minisiteri ya mbere y’imashini, icyateye iki kibazo cyabonetse binyuze mu iperereza n’ubushakashatsi, kandi hafashwe ingamba zifatika kandi zifatika zifatika kugira ngo umusaruro wa valve ukomeze. n'umuvuduko wo kubaka ubukungu bwigihugu, no guteza imbere inganda za valve.Kandi gushinga amashyirahamwe yinganda byashizeho urufatiro rwiza.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Nyakanga-27-2022