Amateka yiterambere ryinganda zubushinwa (2)

Icyiciro cyambere cyinganda za Valve (1949-1959)

011Gize Gukora Kugarura Ubukungu bwigihugu

Igihe cyo kuva mu 1949 kugeza 1952 cyari igihe cyo gukira kw'igihugu cyanjye. Kubera iz'ubwubatsi bw'ubukungu, igihugu gikeneye byihutirwa umubare munini waindangagaciro, ntabwo gusaUmuvuduko Muke, ariko nanone icyiciro cyumuvuduko mwinshi kandi uciriritse cyimyanda itakozwe muri kiriya gihe. Nigute ushobora gutegura umusaruro wa valve kugirango igihugu gikeneye byihutirwa ni umurimo uremereye kandi utoroshye.

1. Kuyobora no gutanga inkunga

Dukurikije politiki yo "guteza imbere umusaruro, gutera imbere ubukungu, kuzirikana haba mu ruhame no kwikorera, no kungukirwa n'imirimo y'abaturage, kandi bikangurira imirimo yose, kandi bishyigikira cyane imishinga mito n'inzego zigenga kugira ngo bisubiremo no gutanga indangagaciro. Ku mugoroba wo muri Repubulika y'Ubushinwa, uruganda rw'icyuma cya Shenyang Chengfa rwarangije ubucuruzi bwarwo kubera imyenda iremereye kandi nta soko y'ibicuruzwa 7 ari byo kurinda uruganda. Nyuma yo gushingwa mu Bushinwa bushya, abifashijwemo na guverinoma y'abaturage, uruganda rusuburaga umusaruro, ndetse n'umubare w'abakozi muri uwo mwaka wiyongereye kuva kuri 7 kugeza 96 ubwo watangiraga. Nyuma, uruganda rwemeye gutunganya ibintu muri Shenyang ibyuma bya Shenyang, kandi umusaruro ufata isura nshya. Umubare w'abakozi wiyongereye bagera kuri 329, ufite umusaruro wa buri mwaka wibice 610 byimpano zitandukanye, zifite agaciro kagereranijwe ka 830.000. Muri icyo gihe, muri Shanghai, ntabwo ari ibigo byigenga gusa byabyaye indangagaciro, ariko mu kugarura imishinga mito y'igihugu, umubare munini wimishinga mito yigenga yafunguwe cyangwa yafunguye umusaruro w'ibikoresho, icyo gihe cyo kwagura vuba.

2. Kugura no kugurisha, gutunganya imisaruro ya valve

Umubare munini wibigo byigenga bihindukirira umusaruro valve, Ishyirahamwe imari ya Shanghai wambere ntiburabura kubahiriza ibisabwa byiterambere. Mu 1951, abakora ba vanghai bashizeho imishinga 6 ihuriweho no gutondekanya imirimo yo kugura Shanghai yo kugura imashini yifashisha ya Ubushinwa, kandi bashyire mubikorwa kugura no kugurisha. Kurugero, DAXIN Icyuma, ikora umurimo wurugero runini rwumuvuduko ukabije, kandi Yuanda, Zhongxin, muri minisiteri yimashini ya jinghai, yakozwe na minisiteri yingufu za Shanghai, yatejwe imbere. Bayobowe nubuyobozi bwa peteroli bwa Minisiteri yinganda, amabwiriza ataziguye ashyirwa mubikorwa, hanyuma agahindukira gutunganya ibicuruzwa. Guverinoma y'abaturage yafashije ibigo byigenga gutsinda ingorane mu musaruro no kugurisha binyuze mu bijyanye no kugura imishinga y'ubucuruzi nk'ibihingwa by'ingufu, ibimera by'ibyuma bikomeza gutanga umusaruro.

3. Iterambere ryo kugarura serivisi zubwubatsi bwigihugu

Muri gahunda y'imyaka itanu, Leta yagaragaje imishinga 156 y'ingenzi mu kubaka 156, umusaruro w'amavuta ya Yumen na Ansan na Ansan na Ansan na Ansan na Ansan na Ibyuma by'icyuma ni imishinga ibiri ikomeye. Mu rwego rwo gukomeza umusaruro muri Yomen Pertedle bishoboka, Ikigo cy'inganda cya peteroli cyateguye umusaruro w'imashini z'imashini za peteroli i Shanghai. Uruganda rwa Shanghai Jinlong ibyuma hamwe nabandi bakoze akazi ko gukora ikigeragezo-icyiciro cya steel yicyuma giciriritse. Biragaragara ko gutekereza kubibazo bitanga ikigeragezo-igitutu-igitutu cyamahugurwa mato. Ubwoko bumwebumwe bushobora kwigana dukurikije ingero zitangwa nabakoresha, kandi ibintu nyabyo birasabwe kandi bishushanyije. Kubera ko ubwiza bwibiti byibyuma bitari byiza bihagije, umuvuduko wumwimerere wibengamubiri wanditseho umurongo wagombaga guhinduka imibabaro. Muri kiriya gihe, nta gukinisho byahindutse ku mubiri wa oblique uhindura umubiri wa Globe, bityo birashobora gucukurwa mu ntoki, hanyuma bikosorwa na fitter. Nyuma yo gutsinda ingorane nyinshi, amaherezo twatsinze mu rubanza rwa NPS3 / 8 ~ NPS2 Irembo riciriritse-Irembo rya Steel Valves na Globe Valves, ryakiriwe neza n'abakoresha. Mu gice cya kabiri cya 1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong n'izindi nganda zakoze imirimo yo gutanga ibigeragezo no gutanga umusaruro w'ibyuma. Muri kiriya gihe, ibishushanyo by'amasomvugo byakoreshejwe, kandi abatekinisiye bize bakora, kandi batsinze ingorane nyinshi mu musaruro. Umusaruro ukurikirana wa Shanghai wasaye Ibyuma byateguwe na Minisiteri ya Perroleum, kandi yabonaga ubufatanye bw'inzego zitandukanye muri Shanghai. Uruganda rwa Aziya (ubu ruganda rwo gusana imashini gusana) rwatanze ibiti by'ibyuma byujuje ibisabwa, kandi uruganda rwa sifang rwafashaga guturika. Ikizamini amaherezo cyatsinze kumusaruro wintambara ya Steel Valve Prototype, kandi ahita atunganya umusaruro kandi yohererezanije kuri Yemeni ya ofriffield kugirango akore ku gihe. Muri icyo gihe, Shenyang Chengfa Icyuma na Shanghai Daxin imirimo y'icyuma nayo yatanzeUmuvuduko-mutoHamwe nubunini bunini bwibimera byibimera, Ansan na sosiyete ibyuma byo gukomeza umusaruro no kubaka mumijyi.

Mu gihe cyo gukira ubukungu bw'igihugu, inganda z'igihugu cyanjye zahanamye zateye imbere vuba. Mu 1949, ibisohoka bya valve byari 3877, byiyongereye kugera ku 1015t mu 1952. Mubuhanga, bidatanga urufatiro rwiza rw'inganda z'igihugu, ariko nanone rudatanga indangagaciro z'icyuma, ariko rudatanga urupapuro rwiza rudahuye n'ikizaza cy'inganda z'Abashinwa.

02Ibintu bya valve byatangiye

Mu 1953, igihugu cyanjye cyatangiye gahunda yacyo cya mbere, n'inzego z'inganda nka peteroli, inganda z'imiti, metallurgier, amashanyarazi n'amakara byose byihutishije iterambere. Muri iki gihe, hakenewe indangagaciro ziragwira. Muri kiriya gihe, nubwo hari umubare munini wimpapuro zigenga zitanga indangagaciro, imbaraga zabo zari zifite intege nke, ibikoresho byabo byarashaje, ingengaza zabo zari zoroshye, kandi umunzani wabo wari muto cyane, kandi ntibatatanye cyane. Mu rwego rwo kuzuza ibisabwa mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bwihuse bw'ubukungu bw'igihugu, bivugwa ko ari Minisiteri ya mbere y'imashini) ikomeje kongera gutunganya no guhindura ibigo byihariye byigenga no kwagura imisaruro. Mugihe kimwe, hariho imigambi nintambwe zo kubaka inyuma nintwari zingenzi. Uruganda rwigihugu cyanjye rwatangiye gutangira.

1. Kuvugurura inganda za kabiri muri Shanghai

Nyuma yo gushingwa mu Bushinwa bushya, ishyaka ryashyize mu bikorwa Politiki yo "gukoresha, kubungabungwa no guhindura" mu nganda za capitaliste n'ubucuruzi.

Byaragaragaye ko muri Shanghai hari ingamba 60 cyangwa 70 nto. Ikinini muri ibyo gisebe cyari gifite abantu 20 kugeza 30, kandi abatoya bari bafite abantu bake. Nubwo izi ntanga za Valve zitanga indangagaciro, ikoranabuhanga nubuyobozi bwabo ni inyuma, ibikoresho ninyubako zuruganda ziroroshye, kandi uburyo bwo gutunganya biroroshye. Bamwe bafite amatara rimwe cyangwa abiri yoroshye cyangwa ibikoresho byimashini, kandi hari itanura ryibintu byinshi byo guta, ibyinshi muribyo bikorwa. , nta nyungu zishushanyije hamwe nibikoresho byo kugerageza. Ibi bintu ntabwo bikwiriye umusaruro ugezweho, kandi ntirushobora kuzuza ibisabwa byateganijwe bya leta, kandi ntibishoboka kugenzura ireme ryibicuruzwa bya valve. Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, guverinoma y'abaturage ba Shanghai yashyizeho umushinga uhuriweho n'ingabo za valve muri Shanghai, maze hashyiraho umuyoboro wa Shanghai. 1, No. Guhuza ibyavuzwe haruguru, ukurikije ikoranabuhanga n'ubwibone, bihuza neza imiyoborere yatatanye kandi ikangurira cyane ishyaka ry'abakozi benshi kubaka ishyaka ry'inganda za Valve.

Nyuma yubufatanye bwa leta bwigenga mu 1956, Inganda za Valve muri Shanghai zahinduwe mu rugero runini, kandi ibigo byabigize umwubatsi nk'ikigo cya Shanghai, Ibice bya Perroleum bikurikirana, hashyizweho imashini ikora. Isosiyete ya Valve yabanje ifatanya mu nganda z'ibiyobyabwenge yashyizeho Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weingxin, Weinye, junlong, fuchang, Dehe, jinfa, na Xie n'akarere. Hariho inganda zigera kuri 20 zo hagati, Yuct, Deda, Edang, buri ruganda rwagati rufite inganda nyinshi za satelite mu bubasha. Ishami ry'ishyaka n'ibyatsi birimo imizi ihuriweho n'imirimo yo hagati. Guverinoma yahaye abahagarariye abaturage kugira ngo bayobore imirimo y'ubuyobozi, kandi ishyirwaho ryashyizweho, itangwa, n'imiryango ishinzwe ubukungu, kandi bashyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kuyobora busa n'inzego za Leta zisa. Muri icyo gihe, agace ka Shenyang nacyo kahuriye n'inganda eshatu muri chengfaIremboUruganda. Kuva icyo gihe, Leta yazanye imishinga mito n'iciriritse mu murongo w'igihugu binyuze mu bigo bishinzwe imiyoborere mu nzego zose, kandi byateguwe kandi bitegura umusaruro wa valve. Iyi ni impinduka mu micungire y'imikorere ya valve ibigo bya Valve kuva ishingwa ry'Ubushinwa bushya.

2. Shenyang Uruganda Rukuru rwimashini rwahinduye Umusaruro wa Valve

Muri icyo gihe no kuvugurura abakora Valve muri Shanghai, Ishami rya mbere ry'imashini ryagabanije umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa bya buri ruganda rutunganijwe, kandi gisobanumba icyerekezo cy'umusaruro unyuranye n'inganda zishinzwe ubutayu n'inzego zinini za Leta. Shenyang Uruganda Rukuru rwa Machine rwahinduwe umwuga wa Valve wabigize umwuga. Uruganda. Ababanjirije uruganda ni bwo burouguuctisi y'imari y'imari y'imari y'imari y'imari n'imari ya Pseudo-Inganda. Nyuma yo gushingwa mu Bushinwa bushya, uruganda rwasohoye ahanini ibikoresho bitandukanye bya mashini n'ibikoresho. Mu 1953, byatangiye kubyara imashini zo mu mwobo. Mu 1954, igihe byari bimeze mu micungire ya Biro ya mbere ya minisiteri y'imashini, yari ifite abakozi 1.585 n'amaseti 147 y'imashini n'ibikoresho bitandukanye. Kandi ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibyuma, kandi imbaraga za tekiniki zirakomeye. Kuva mu 1955, hagamijwe kumenyera iterambere rya gahunda y'igihugu, byagaragaye neza ku musaruro wa valve, yubatswe mu nzira nyabagendwa, mu mahugurwa y'imashini no gusudira kandi ashyiraho laboratoire yo hagati ndetse na laboratoire. Abatekinisiye bamwe boherejwe mu ruganda rwa Shenyang. Mu 1956, 837T yaUmuvuduko Mukezakozwe, no gutanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi uciriritse. Mu 1959, 4213T ya Valves, harimo 1291t yubushyuhe bwinshi kandi buciriritse. Mu 1962, yahinduwe Shenyang Umuvuduko mwinshi kandi uciriritse uruganda ruciriritse kandi ruba rumwe mu bigo binini by'umugongo mu nganda za Valve.

3. Indunduro yambere yumusaruro wa valve

Mu minsi ya mbere yo gushinga ubushinwa bushya, umusaruro w'igihugu cyanjye wakemuwe cyane cyane ubufatanye n'intambara. Muri "igihe kinini gisimbuka", inganda z'igihugu cyanjye zahuye n'indunduro yaryo. Ibisohoka: 387t mu 1949, 8126t mu 1956, 49746t mu 1959, inshuro 128 z'amasaha 128, n'amasaha 6.1 iyo ubufatanye bwihariye. Umusaruro wigitutu kinini kandi giciriritse cyatangiye cyatangiye, kandi umusaruro mwinshi watangiye mu 1956, ufite umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa 175T. Mu 1959, ibisohoka byageze 1799, byabaye inshuro 10.3. Iterambere ryihuse ryubaka ubukungu bwigihugu ryateje imbere imbere yinganda zikomeye. Mu 1955, Shanghai Lianggong Uruganda ruburanisha ruzaburanisha - rwabyaye igiti cya Noheri chalve kuri yemen peteroli; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa nandi Inganda zishingiye ku ibyuma n'ibihe by'ibiti by'imyenda n'ifumbire Shenyang Uruganda Rukuru rw'imashini n'Umushinga wa Suzhou (uwamubanjirije uruganda rwa Suzhou) Urubanza rwa SUPHOU ruzatsindire - rwatanze indangagaciro z'umuyaga mu ruganda rw'ifumbire ya fatizo. Shenyang Chengfa Uruganda rwicyuma ruburanisha neza - Yakoze irembo ryamashanyarazi valve ufite ubunini bwa DN3000. Nibwo buryo bunini kandi buremereye mubushinwa muri kiriya gihe; Shenyang Uruganda Rukuru rwa Machine Ikiranisha-Kubyatanzwe Umuvuduko wa Ultra-Hejuru ufite ubunini bwa DN3 ~ DN10 hamwe nimitutu ya PN1500 ~ PN2000 ~ PN2000 Uruganda rwa Shanghai Daxin rwakozwe mu nganda za metero nini cyane z'ubushyuhe bukabije umwuka ushushe hamwe na DN600 na flue valve ya DN900; Uruganda rwa Dalian Valve, uruganda rwa Wafangdian Valve, nibindi kandi rwageze ku iterambere ryihuse. Ubwiyongere bw'ubu buryo n'ubwinshi bwa valve yateje imbere iterambere ry'inganda za Valve. Cyane cyane no kubaka iyubakwa "inganda zikomeye zisimbuka", ingamba ntoya na ziciriritse zabashe ku mutima mu gihugu hose. Kugeza mu 1958, imishinga y'igihugu ya valve y'igihugu yari ifite ijana, ikora itsinda rinini ry'umusaruro. Mu 1958, ibisohoka byose bya Valves Rose kugeza 24.163t, kwiyongera kwa 80% hejuru ya 1957; Muri iki gihe, umusaruro w'igihugu cyanjye wagize indunduro yawo mbere. Ariko, kubera gutangiza abakora valve, byanagize ibibazo byinshi. Kurugero: Gukurikirana ubwinshi, ntabwo ari bwiza; "Gukora bito no gukora uburyo bunini, bwaho, kubura ibintu by'ikoranabuhanga; Igishushanyo mpera, kubura ibitekerezo bisanzwe; Gukoporora no gukoporora, bigatera urujijo rwa tekiniki. Bitewe na politiki yabo itandukanye, buriwese afite urutonde rwimiterere itandukanye. Amagambo ya Valve ntabwo ari imyenda ahantu hatandukanye, hamwe nigitutu cyurutonde hamwe nubunini bwizina ntabwo ari kimwe. Inganda zimwe zerekeza ku bipimo by'Abasoviyeti, bamwe bavuga ibipimo by'Abayapani, ndetse bamwe bavuga amahame y'Abanyamerika n'Ubwongereza. Urujijo. Ku bijyanye n'ubwoko, ibisobanuro, ibipimo byo guhuza, uburebure bw'ibizamini, ibizamini by'ibizamini, ibipimo by'ibizamini, n'ibipimo byinshi ntibisomejwe, kandi inyungu zubukungu ntizizamuka. Ibihe muri kiriya gihe "byatanye, akajagari, bike, n'igituba", ni ukuvuga, uburyo bwo gucunga akajagari, kubura amahame ya tekiniki, ndetse n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa. Kugirango duhindure iki kibazo, leta yafashe icyemezo cyo gutegura abakozi bibishinzwe kuyobora abakozi bafite umusaruro wigihugu kurivalveinganda.

4. Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwigihugu

Kugirango tumenye uko Umusaruro wa Valve, mu 1958, ibiro bya mbere n'icya gatatu by'ishami rya mbere by'imashini byateguye ubushakashatsi bwigihugu. Itsinda ry'iperereza ryagiye mu turere 4 no mu mijyi 24 mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa bw'Ubushinwa, Ubushinwa bw'Uburasirazuba n'Ubushinwa mu majyepfo yo gukora iperereza ryuzuye ku nganda 90 za Valve. Nibihugu byambere mu gihugu hose kuva ishingwa rya Repubulika y'Ubushinwa. Muri kiriya gihe, ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku bashakanye ba valve bafite urugero runini kandi rufite ubwenge n'ibisobanuro, Shenyang Uruganda rw'icyuma, Shenyang Chengfa, uruganda rwa SUZHOU uruganda rwa Sulian, na valian valve. Uruganda, Beijing Uruganda rwibikoresho (uwabanjirije Valve Uruganda rwa BEIJUGI), Uruganda rwa WOGANGDIAN VILVE, abakora imiyoboro minini muri Shanghai na Shanghai na Shanghai bahindura 1, 2, 4, 4 na 6 na 6, nibindi.

Binyuze mu iperereza, ibibazo nyamukuru biriho mumusaruro Valve byabonetse ahanini byabonetse:

1) Kubura muri rusange no kugabana imirimo ishyize mu gaciro, bikavamo umusaruro ukundi kandi bigira ingaruka kubushobozi bwumusaruro.

2) Ibipimo bya Valve ntabwo byunze ubumwe, byateje imbere ibintu bikomeye byo guhitamo no kubungabunga.

3) ishingiro ryo gupima no kugenzura akazi kakennye cyane, kandi biragoye kwemeza ireme ryibicuruzwa bya valve hamwe numusaruro rusange.

Mu gusubiza ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru, itsinda ry'iperereza ryashyize ahagaragara ingamba eshatu muri minisiteri na Bureaus, harimo no gushimangira gahunda rusange, kugabana umusaruro, no gutegura imisaruro no kugurisha; Gushimangira Ibipimo ngenderwaho n'imikorere y'umubiri n'ubugari, Gutegura Ibipimo bidahujwe; no gukora ubushakashatsi bugerageza. 1. Abayobozi ba Biro ya 3 bihuriyeho ningirakamaro kuri ibi. Mbere ya byose, bibanze ku mirimo isanzwe. They entrusted the Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machinery to organize the relevant valve manufacturers to formulate the ministry-issued pipeline accessories standards, which were implemented in the industry in 1961. In order to guide the valve design of each factory, the institute has compiled and printed the “Valve Design Manual”. Ibikoresho bya pipeline bisanzwe byatanzwe na minisiteri nicyiciro cya mbere cyamahame ya valve mugihugu cyanjye, kandi imfashanyigisho ya mbere "niyo yakinnyeho amakuru meza mugutezimbere urwego rwigishushanyo mbonera cyigihugu cyanjye. Binyuze muri iki gihugu cyose, inanga ry'iterambere ry'inganda z'igihugu cyanjye mu myaka 10 ishize, kandi hafashwe ingamba zifatika kandi zifatika zo gukuraho burundu umusaruro wa valve no kubura amahame. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ryafashe intambwe nini rituma atangira kwinjira murwego rushya rwo kwitegura no gutunganya umusaruro mwinshi.

03 Incamake

Kuva 1949 kugeza 1959, igihugu cyanjyevalveInganda zahise zigarurwa n'ikibazo cy'Ubushinwa cya kera maze gitangira gutangira; Kuva kubungabunga, kwigana kwifatadEsign no Gukora, uhereye ku gitutu cy'igitutu giheke cy'umusaruro mwinshi kandi uciriritse, ubanza gushiraho inganda zifata inganda. Ariko, kubera iterambere ryihuse ryumuvuduko wumusaruro, hari nibibazo bimwe. Kubera ko yinjijwe muri gahunda y'igihugu, mu micungire ihuriweho na minisiteri ya mbere y'imashini, itangwa ry'ikibazo cyabonetse binyuze mu iperereza n'ubushakashatsi, n'ibisubizo bifatika byo kubona umusaruro w'ubukungu, no guteza imbere inganda za Valve. Kandi gushiraho amashyirahamwe yinganda zashyizeho urufatiro rwiza.