Abantu bakunze gutekereza koindangantegoy'ibyuma bidafite ingese kandi ntibizaba ingese. Nibikora, birashobora kuba ikibazo cyicyuma. Ubu ni imyumvire imwe yibeshya kubyerekeye kutumva ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bishobora no kubora mubihe bimwe.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya okiside yo mu kirere-ni ukuvuga, kurwanya ingese, kandi ifite n'ubushobozi bwo kwangirika mubitangazamakuru birimo aside, alkalis, n'umunyu-ni ukuvuga kurwanya ruswa. Nyamara, ingano yubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya ruswa ihindurwa hamwe nubumara bwimiti yicyuma ubwacyo, uko kurinda, imiterere yimikoreshereze nubwoko bwitangazamakuru ryibidukikije.
Ibyuma bidafite ingese mubisanzwe bigabanyijemo:
Mubisanzwe, ukurikije imiterere ya metallografiya, ibyuma bisanzwe bidafite ingese bigabanyijemo ibyiciro bitatu: ibyuma bya austenitike bitagira umuyonga, ibyuma bitagira umuyonga ferritic, nicyuma cya martensitike. Hashingiwe kuri izi nyubako eshatu zifatizo zifatika, kubikenewe hamwe nintego zihariye, ibyuma byicyiciro cya kabiri, imvura ikomera-ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nicyuma kinini-gifite ibyuma birimo ibyuma bitarenze 50%.
1. Icyuma cya Austenitike.
Matrix yiganjemo imiterere ya austenite (CY icyiciro) yububiko bushingiye kububiko bwa kirisiti ya kirisiti, itari magnetique, kandi ishimangirwa cyane cyane no gukora ubukonje (kandi bishobora kuganisha kumiterere ya magnetique) ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika Cyuma n’Icyuma cyagenwe n’imibare iri mu bice 200 na 300, nka 304.
2. Ibyuma bidafite ingese.
Matrix ni yiganjemo imiterere ya ferrite ((icyiciro) cyimiterere ya cubic kristaliste yumubiri, ikaba magnetique kandi mubisanzwe ntishobora gukomera no kuvura ubushyuhe, ariko irashobora gushimangirwa gato nakazi gakonje. Ikigo cyabanyamerika cyuma nicyuma kirangwa na 430 na 446.
3. Icyuma cya Martensitike.
Matrix nuburyo bwa martensitike (bushingiye kumubiri kubic cyangwa kubic), magnetique, kandi imiterere yubukanishi irashobora guhindurwa no kuvura ubushyuhe. Ikigo cy’Abanyamerika cy’icyuma n’icyuma cyagenwe n’imibare 410, 420 na 440. Martensite ifite imiterere ya austenite ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kandi iyo ikonje kugeza ku cyumba cy’ubushyuhe ku kigero gikwiye, imiterere ya austenite irashobora guhinduka martensite (ni ukuvuga gukomera) .
4. Austenitike-ferritic (duplex) ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Matrix ifite austenite na ferrite ibyiciro bibiri byubatswe, kandi ibikubiye muri materi mato mato muri rusange birenze 15%. Ni magnetique kandi irashobora gushimangirwa nakazi gakonje. 329 nicyuma gisanzwe cya duplex. Ugereranije nicyuma cya austenitis kitagira ibyuma, ibyuma byicyiciro cya kabiri bifite imbaraga nyinshi, kandi kurwanya ruswa yangirika hagati ya chloride hamwe na chloride ihangayikishijwe no kwangirika byateye imbere cyane.
5. Imvura ikomera ibyuma bidafite ingese.
Matrix ni imiterere ya austenite cyangwa martensitike kandi irashobora gukomera no kugwa kwimvura. Ikigo cy'Abanyamerika Cyuma n'Icyuma cyaranzwe nimero 600 y'uruhererekane, nka 630, ni 17-4PH.
Muri rusange, usibye ibivanze, birwanya kwangirika kwicyuma cya austenitike kitagira umuyonga ni cyiza cyane. Mubidukikije bitangirika, ibyuma bya ferritic bidafite ingese birashobora gukoreshwa. Mubidukikije byangirika byoroheje, niba ibikoresho bisabwa kugira hejuru Kubwimbaraga cyangwa ubukana bwinshi, ibyuma bya martensitike bitagira umuyonga hamwe nimvura ikomera ibyuma bitagira umwanda birashobora gukoreshwa.
Ibyiciro bisanzwe bidafite ibyuma hamwe nibintu
01 304 Icyuma
Nibimwe mubikoreshwa cyane kandi bikoreshwa cyane ibyuma bya austenitis. Irakwiriye gukora ibice byashushanijwe cyane hamwe numuyoboro wa aside, kontineri, ibice byubatswe, imibiri itandukanye, nibindi. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bitari magnetique, ubushyuhe buke nigice.
02 304L Icyuma
Mu rwego rwo gukemura ikibazo cya ultra-low carbone austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga byateye imbere kubera imvura ya Cr23C6 itera kwangirika gukomeye kwangirika kwingingo ya 304 ibyuma bitagira umuyonga mubihe bimwe na bimwe, leta ikangurira kwangirika kwangirika kwangirika kwiza cyane kuruta icyuma 304. Usibye imbaraga zo hasi gato, indi mitungo ni kimwe na 321 ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mubikoresho birwanya ruswa hamwe nibice bidashobora gukemurwa nyuma yo gusudira, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bitandukanye.
03 304H Icyuma
Ishami ryimbere ryibyuma 304 bitagira umuyonga bifite igice cya karubone igice cya 0,04% -0,10%, kandi ubushyuhe bwacyo bwo hejuru buruta ubw'ibyuma 304 bitagira umwanda.
04 316 Icyuma
Ongeramo molybdenum hashingiwe ku cyuma cya 10Cr18Ni12 ituma ibyuma bigira imbaraga zo kugabanya ruswa no gucika. Mu mazi yo mu nyanja hamwe n’ibindi bitangazamakuru bitandukanye, kurwanya ruswa biruta 304 ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bikoresho bidashobora kwihanganira.
05 316L Icyuma
Ibyuma bya karubone birenze urugero bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa kandi ikwiranye no gukora ibice byasuditswe hamwe nibikoresho bifite ibipimo byimbitse, nkibikoresho birwanya ruswa mubikoresho bya peteroli.
06 316H Icyuma
Ishami ryimbere ryibyuma 316 bitagira umuyonga bifite igice cya karubone igice cya 0,04% -0,10%, kandi ubushyuhe bwacyo bwo hejuru buruta ubw'icyuma 316.
07 317 Icyuma
Kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya kunyerera biruta 316L ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bikoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya peteroli na chimique aside irwanya ruswa.
08 321 Icyuma
Titanium-itunganijwe neza ya austenitike idafite ibyuma, yongeraho titanium kugirango irusheho kurwanya ruswa, kandi ifite imiterere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, irashobora gusimburwa na ultra-low carbone austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga. Usibye ibihe bidasanzwe nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa hydrogène irwanya ruswa, mubisanzwe ntabwo byemewe gukoreshwa.
09 347 Icyuma
Niobium itunganijwe neza ya austenitike idafite ibyuma, yongeraho niobium kugirango irusheho kurwanya ruswa hagati y’imitsi, kurwanya ruswa muri aside, alkali, umunyu n’ibindi bitangazamakuru byangirika ni kimwe n’ibyuma 321 bitagira umwanda, imikorere myiza yo gusudira, birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho birwanya ruswa kandi birwanya -Icyuma Icyuma gishyushye gikoreshwa cyane cyane mumashanyarazi nubutaka bwa peteroli, nko gukora kontineri, imiyoboro, guhanahana ubushyuhe, ibiti, itanura ry itanura mu ziko ryinganda, hamwe nubushyuhe bwa tometrometero.
10 904L Icyuma
Ibyuma byuzuye bya austenitike bidafite ibyuma ni ubwoko bwicyuma cya super austenitis cyuma cyahimbwe na OUTOKUMPU muri Finlande. , Ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa muri acide idafite okiside nka acide sulfurike, acide acike, acide formic na aside fosifori, kandi ifite kandi imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa no kurwanya ruswa. Irakwiriye kwibanda kuri acide sulfurike iri munsi ya 70°C.
11 440C ibyuma bidafite ingese
Icyuma cya Martensitike kitagira umuyonga gifite ubukana buhebuje hagati yicyuma gikomeye kandi kitagira ingese, hamwe na HRC57. Ahanini bikoreshwa mugukora amajwi, ibyuma,ikinyugunyuguindanga ingirakamaro,ikinyugunyuguindanga intebe, amaboko,indanga ibiti, n'ibindi.
12 17-4PH ibyuma bitagira umwanda
Imvura ya Martensitike ikomera ibyuma bidafite ingese hamwe nuburemere bwa HRC44 bifite imbaraga nyinshi, ubukana hamwe no kurwanya ruswa kandi ntibishobora gukoreshwa mubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 300°C. Ifite ruswa irwanya ikirere hamwe na acide cyangwa umunyu. Kurwanya kwangirika kwayo ni nkibya 304 ibyuma bitagira umwanda na 430 ibyuma bitagira umwanda. Ikoreshwa mugukora urubuga rwo hanze, ibyuma bya turbine,ikinyugunyuguindanga (ububiko bwa valve, intebe za valve, amaboko, ibiti bya valve) wait.
In indanga gushushanya no guhitamo, sisitemu zitandukanye, urukurikirane, hamwe n amanota yicyuma kitagira umwanda gikunze guhura. Mugihe uhitamo, ikibazo kigomba gusuzumwa muburyo bwinshi nkibikorwa byihariye, ubushyuhe, umuvuduko, ibice bitsindagiye, ruswa, nigiciro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-20-2022
