Ikinyugunyugu ni iki?

Uwitekaikinyugunyuguyahimbwe muri Amerika muri 1930. Yamenyekanye mu Buyapani mu myaka ya za 1950 kandi ntabwo yakoreshejwe cyane mu Buyapani kugeza mu myaka ya za 1960. Ntabwo yamamaye mu gihugu cyanjye kugeza mu myaka ya za 70. Ibintu nyamukuru biranga ikinyugunyugu ni: ntoya ikora, umwanya muto wo kwishyiriraho nuburemere bworoshye. Dufashe DN1000 nk'urugero ,.ikinyugunyuguni nka 2T, mugihe iiremboni nka 3.5T. Uwitekaikinyugunyuguni byoroshye guhuza nibikoresho bitandukanye byo gutwara kandi bifite igihe kirekire kandi cyizewe. Ingaruka z’ibinyugunyugu bifunze na reberi ni uko iyo bikoreshejwe mu gutereta, cavitation izabaho kubera gukoresha nabi, bigatuma intebe ya reberi ikuramo kandi ikangirika. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo guhitamo neza biterwa nakazi keza. Isano iri hagati yo gufungura ikinyugunyugu nigipimo cyurugendo ni umurongo. Niba ikoreshwa mugucunga umuvuduko, imigendekere yacyo nayo ifitanye isano rya bugufi no kurwanya imiyoboro. Kurugero, niba kalibiri ya valve nuburyo bwimiyoboro yombi byose ari bimwe, ariko coefficente yo gutakaza imiyoboro iratandukanye, igipimo cyimigezi ya valve nayo izaba itandukanye cyane. Niba valve iri mumiterere ya amplitude nini itera, cavitation ikunda kugaragara inyuma yicyapa, gishobora kwangiza valve. Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa hanze ya 15 °. Iyoikinyugunyuguni muburyo bwo gufungura hagati, imiterere yo gufungura yakozwe numubiri wa valve nu mpera yimbere yisahani yikinyugunyugu iba yibanze kuri shitingi, kandi leta zitandukanye zakozwe kumpande zombi. Impera yimbere yisahani yikinyugunyugu kuruhande rumwe igenda yerekeza mu cyerekezo cy’amazi, naho urundi rugana mu cyerekezo cy’amazi. Kubwibyo, umubiri wa valve hamwe nisahani ya valve kuruhande rumwe bigira gufungura ishusho ya nozzle, naho kurundi ruhande rusa no gufungura umwobo umeze. Uruhande rwa nozzle rufite umuvuduko mwinshi kuruta uruhande rwa trottle, kandi umuvuduko mubi uzabyara munsi ya valve kuruhande, kandi kashe ya reberi izagwa. Umuriro waikinyugunyugubiratandukanye bitewe no gufungura bitandukanye no gufungura no gufunga icyerekezo cya valve. Umuvuduko ukomoka ku itandukaniro riri hagati y’imitwe yo hejuru n’amazi yo hepfo y’ikinyugunyugu kinyugunyugu, cyane cyane indege nini ya diameter, kubera ubujyakuzimu bw’amazi, ntishobora kwirengagizwa. Mubyongeyeho, mugihe inkokora yashyizwe kuruhande rwimbere rwa valve, habaho kubogama, kandi torque iziyongera. Iyo valve iri mu gufungura hagati, uburyo bwo gukora bugomba kwifungisha bitewe nigikorwa cyumuriro wamazi.

Ubushinwa bufite iminyururu myinshi yinganda, ariko ntabwo ari imbaraga za valve. Muri rusange, igihugu cyanjye cyinjiye mubihugu byimbaraga za valve kwisi, ariko kubijyanye nubwiza bwibicuruzwa, igihugu cyanjye kiracyari kure cyane yo kuba ingufu za valve. Inganda ziracyafite umusaruro muke, ubushobozi buke bwa R&D bwibibaya bihuye nibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga rito mu nganda mu nganda za valve, kandi icyuho cy’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa n’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga bikomeje kwiyongera. Hano rwose ntamasosiyete menshi ya valve ashobora kubaho rwose kumasoko. Nyamara, uku guhungabana kwihuta mu nganda za valve bizazana amahirwe menshi, kandi ibisubizo byihungabana bizatuma imikorere yisoko ishyirwa mu gaciro. Umuhanda ujya hafi yimisozi miremire ni "bumpy" cyane. Ibice by'ibanze byahindutse inenge igabanya iterambere ry’inganda zikora igihugu cyanjye kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru. Muri gahunda yimyaka 12 yimyaka itanu, guverinoma izakomeza kongera aho ibice by ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Hano duhitamo iterambere ryingenzi muri "Gahunda yo Gushyira mubikorwa" hamwe ninganda zihagarariye inganda zo gusesengura ibishoboka byo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa. Duhereye ku isesengura, dushobora kubona ko bishoboka ko hasimburwa ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga mu nganda zinyuranye zitandukanye, kandi indangagaciro zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikenera byihutirwa ubuyobozi bwa politiki n’ubufasha mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Inganda za valve zifite uruhare runini nkumuhuza wingenzi mubikorwa byo gukora ibikoresho mugutezimbere ubukungu bwigihugu. Kubera ko urwego rwigihugu cyanjye rukora inganda zikora ibicuruzwa byimbere mu gihugu biracyari intera iri kure yurwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere, urufunguzo rwinshiindangahamwe nibipimo bihanitse, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe numuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe nurwego rwo hejuru rwa pound buri gihe byashingiraga kubitumizwa hanze. Kurugero, ikirango cya OMAL cyiburayi cyahoze ari amahitamo nyamukuru yinganda zikoreshwa murugo. Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ikibanza cy’imibande, nyuma y’inama y’igihugu imaze gutanga “Ibitekerezo byinshi ku bijyanye no kwihutisha ivugurura ry’inganda zikora ibikoresho”, inzego za Leta zibishinzwe zagiye zikurikirana ibikorwa byinshi bikurikije ibisabwa na Leta kugira ngo iyemeze ibikoresho bikomeye. Bayobowe na komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe iterambere n’ivugurura, ihuriro ry’inganda z’inganda z’Ubushinwa n’ishyirahamwe ry’inganda rusange z’Ubushinwa bohereje kandi bategura aindangaIgenamigambi ryibikoresho byingenzi mubice bifitanye isano, kandi byahujwe ninzego zibishinzwe inshuro nyinshi. Noneho kwimenyekanisha kwimibiri byashizeho ubwumvikane munganda zo murugo. Koresha neza amahame mpuzamahanga yo gushushanya ibicuruzwa; gukuramo ibishushanyo mbonera by'amahanga byiza (harimo n'ikoranabuhanga ryemewe); gupima ibicuruzwa no kugenzura imikorere bikorwa rwose hakurikijwe amahame mpuzamahanga; gukuramo uburambe bwibikorwa byo hanze no guha agaciro ubushakashatsi no kuzamura ibikoresho bishya; Sobanura ibipimo bya tekiniki hamwe nakazi kakazi k’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byo hejuru cyane, nibindi ni inzira zo kwihutisha inzira yimikorere, guteza imbere guhora ivugurura ibicuruzwa bya valve, no kumenya neza aho bihari. Hamwe nihuta ryumuvuduko wo kuvugurura inganda za valve, inganda zizaza zizaba irushanwa hagati yubwiza bwibicuruzwa numutekano nibirango byibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa bizatera imbere mu cyerekezo cy’ikoranabuhanga rihanitse, ibipimo bihanitse, birwanya ruswa ikomeye, kandi biramba. Gusa binyuze mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya, no guhindura ikoranabuhanga urwego urwego rwikoranabuhanga rwibicuruzwa rugenda rutezimbere buhoro buhoro kugirango huzuzwe ibikoresho byo murugo bihuze kandi tumenye neza aho biherereye. Mugihe gikenewe cyane, uruganda rwanjye rukora inganda za valve rwose ruzerekana iterambere ryiza.