Valve y'ikinyugunyugu ni iki?

Itsindavalve y'ikinyugunyuguyavumbuwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu myaka ya 1930. Yazanywe mu Buyapani mu myaka ya 1950 kandi ntiyakoreshwaga cyane mu Buyapani kugeza mu myaka ya 1960. Ntiyamenyekanye cyane mu gihugu cyanjye kugeza mu myaka ya 1970. Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga valve z'ibinyugunyugu ni: imbaraga nto zo gukoresha, umwanya muto wo kuyishyiraho n'uburemere bworoheje. Dufashe urugero rwa DN1000,valve y'ikinyugunyuguni hafi 2T, mu gihevalve y'iremboni hafi 3.5T.valve y'ikinyugunyuguBiroroshye kubihuza n'ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gutwara kandi biramba neza kandi byizewe. Ingaruka mbi za valves z'ibinyugunyugu zifunze neza ni uko iyo zikoreshejwe mu gupfunyika, gupfunyika kw'amazi bizaterwa no gukoreshwa nabi, bigatuma intebe ya rubber icika maze ikangirika. Bityo rero, uburyo bwo kuyihitamo neza biterwa n'imiterere y'akazi. Isano iri hagati yo gufungura valves z'ibinyugunyugu n'umuvuduko w'amazi uba ugororotse. Iyo ikoreshejwe mu kugenzura umuvuduko w'amazi, imiterere yayo nayo ifitanye isano rya hafi n'ubudahangarwa bw'amazi y'imiyoboro. Urugero, niba caliber ya valve n'imiterere y'imiyoboro ibiri ari bimwe, ariko coefficient yo gutakaza umuyoboro ikaba itandukanye, umuvuduko w'amazi y'ibinyugunyugu na wo uzaba utandukanye cyane. Iyo valve iri mu mimerere y'uburebure bunini bwo gupfunyika, gupfunyika kw'amazi bishobora kubaho inyuma y'isahani ya valve, bishobora kwangiza valves. Muri rusange ikoreshwa hanze ya 15°. Iyovalve y'ikinyugunyuguiri mu mwenge wo hagati, ishusho y'umwobo igizwe n'umubiri wa valve kandi impera y'imbere y'ikibaho cy'ikinyugunyugu iba iri hagati ku mugozi wa valve, kandi imiterere itandukanye irakorwa ku mpande zombi. Impera y'imbere y'ikibaho cy'ikinyugunyugu ku ruhande rumwe igenda mu cyerekezo cy'amazi atemba, naho urundi ruhande rukerekeza mu cyerekezo cy'amazi atemba. Kubwibyo, umubiri wa valve n'ikibaho cy'ikinyugunyugu ku ruhande rumwe birema umwobo umeze nk'umunwa, kandi urundi ruhande rusa n'umwobo umeze nk'umunwa. Uruhande rw'ikinyugunyugu rufite umuvuduko wihuta cyane kurusha uruhande rw'ikinyugunyugu, kandi umuvuduko mubi uzavuka munsi ya valve ku ruhande rw'ikinyugunyugu, kandi agati k'umukara gakunze kugwa. Umuvuduko w'imikorere wavalve y'ikinyugunyuguBitandukanye bitewe n'imyenge itandukanye n'icyerekezo cyo gufungura no gufunga kwa vali. Umuvuduko uterwa n'itandukaniro riri hagati y'imitwe y'amazi yo hejuru n'ayo hasi ya vali y'ikinyugunyugu itambitse, cyane cyane vali nini y'umurambararo, bitewe n'ubujyakuzimu bw'amazi, ntushobora kwirengagizwa. Byongeye kandi, iyo inkokora ishyizwe ku ruhande rw'aho vali yinjira, umuvuduko uhinduka ugaragara, kandi umuvuduko urushaho kwiyongera. Iyo vali iri mu mwenge wo hagati, uburyo bwo gukora bugomba kwifunga bitewe n'imikorere ya torque y'amazi.

Ubushinwa bufite uruhererekane rwinshi rw’inganda zikora imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe, ariko si imbaraga zigabanya ubushyuhe. Muri rusange, igihugu cyanjye cyinjiye mu rwego rw’imbaraga zigabanya ubushyuhe ku isi, ariko ku bijyanye n’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa, igihugu cyanjye kiracyari kure cyane kuba imbaraga zigabanya ubushyuhe. Inganda ziracyafite umusaruro muke, ubushobozi buke bwo gukora ubushakashatsi no guteza imbere imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe zihuza n’ibicuruzwa bigezweho, n’urwego ruto rw’ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zigabanya ubushyuhe mu nganda zigabanya ubushyuhe, kandi icyuho cy’ubucuruzi butumiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kiracyakomeje kwaguka. Nta masosiyete menshi cyane ashobora gukomeza ku isoko. Ariko, uku guhindagurika kw’imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe mu nganda zigabanya ubushyuhe bizazana amahirwe menshi, kandi umusaruro w’ihindagurika ry’imashini uzatuma imikorere y’isoko iba myiza kurushaho. Inzira yo gushyira imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe mu nganda zigabanya ubushyuhe ni "igoye cyane". Ibice by’ibanze byabaye inzitizi ibuza iterambere ry’inganda zikora mu gihugu cyanjye kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru. Mu gihe cya gahunda ya 12 y’imyaka itanu, guverinoma izakomeza kongera aho ibikoresho bigabanya ubushyuhe. Hano duhitamo ibikorwa byinshi by’ingenzi muri "Gahunda yo gushyira mu bikorwa" n’inganda zihagarariye imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe mu gusesengura uburyo bwo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Ukurikije isesengura, bigaragara ko ubushobozi bwo gusimbuza valves mu mahanga mu nganda zitandukanye butandukanye butandukanye cyane, kandi valves zo ku rwego rwo hejuru zikeneye byihutirwa ubuyobozi bwa politiki n'ubufasha mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi.

Inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa valve zifite uruhare runini cyane nk'umuyoboro ukomeye mu nganda zikora ibikoresho mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu. Kubera ko urwego rw'inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu gihugu cyanjye rukiri kure cyane n'urwego mpuzamahanga ruteye imbere, hari byinshi by'ingenzivalvehamwe n’ibipimo biri hejuru, ubushyuhe bwinshi n’umuvuduko mwinshi, hamwe n’urwego rwo hejuru rw’ibiro byagiye bishingira ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Urugero, ikirango cy’i Burayi cya OMAL cyahoraga ari cyo gihitamo cy’ingenzi mu nganda zikoresha valve zo mu gihugu. Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere aho valve zishyirwa, nyuma y’uko Inama ya Leta isohoye "Ibitekerezo byinshi ku kwihutisha kuvugurura inganda zikora ibikoresho", inzego za leta zibishinzwe zakoze ibikorwa byinshi bihuye n’ibyo leta isaba mu gushyira ibikoresho bikomeye mu mwanya wabyo. Bayobowe na Komisiyo y’Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n’Ivugurura, Ishyirahamwe ry’Inganda z’Imashini zo mu Bushinwa n’Ishyirahamwe Rusange ry’Inganda z’Imashini zo mu Bushinwa bashyizeho kandi bashyiraho gahundavalveGahunda yo gushyira ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu nzego zijyanye nabyo, kandi imaze guhuzwa n’amashami abishinzwe inshuro nyinshi. Ubu gushyiraho uburyo bwo gushyira ibikoresho mu byiciro bya valve byagize ubwumvikane mu nganda z’imbere mu gihugu. Kwemeza amahame mpuzamahanga yo gushushanya ibicuruzwa; gufata imiterere myiza y’ibishushanyo mbonera by’abanyamahanga (harimo n’ikoranabuhanga ryihariye); isuzuma ry’ibicuruzwa no kugenzura imikorere bikorwa hakurikijwe amahame mpuzamahanga; gufata ubunararibonye mu mikorere y’ibicuruzwa mu mahanga no guha agaciro ubushakashatsi no kwamamaza ibikoresho bishya; gusobanura ibipimo bya tekiniki n’imiterere y’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa bya valve biva mu mahanga, nibindi ni uburyo bwo kwihutisha inzira yo gushyira ibikoresho mu byiciro bya valve, guteza imbere ivugurura rihoraho ry’ibicuruzwa bya valve, no gusobanukirwa neza aho valve ziherereye. Hamwe no kwihutisha umuvuduko wo kuvugurura mu nganda za valve, inganda z’ejo hazaza zizaba zihanganye hagati y’ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa bya valve n’umutekano n’ibirango by’ibicuruzwa. Ibicuruzwa bizatera imbere mu cyerekezo cy’ikoranabuhanga riri hejuru, ibipimo biri hejuru, kurwanya ingese cyane, no kuramba. Ni binyuze mu guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa bishya, no guhindura ikoranabuhanga gusa, urwego rw’ikoranabuhanga rw’ibicuruzwa rushobora kunozwa buhoro buhoro kugira ngo ruhuze n’ibipimo by’ibikoresho byo mu gihugu no kugera ku buryo bwuzuye aho valve ziherereye. Mu gihe cy’ubukene bwinshi, inganda zikora valve mu gihugu cyanjye zizagaragaza amahirwe meza yo gutera imbere.