Iterambere rihoraho ry'inganda zikora imashini zitunganya amavali (1967-1978)
01 Iterambere ry'inganda rirabangamiwe
Kuva mu 1967 kugeza mu 1978, bitewe n'impinduka zikomeye mu mibereho y'abaturage, iterambere ry'inganda zikora imashini zo gufunga amapine naryo ryagizweho ingaruka zikomeye. Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
1. Valve umusaruro wagabanutse cyane, kandi ubuziranenge bwaragabanutse cyane
2. Valve sisitemu y'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi yatangiye kwigiraho ingaruka
3. Ibikoresho bya valve y'umuvuduko uringaniye bikongera kuba igihe gito
4. Umusaruro utateganijwe wa valves z'umuvuduko mwinshi n'uringaniye watangiye kugaragara
02 Fata ingamba zo kongera "umurongo mugufi wa valve"
Ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa murivalveInganda zaragabanutse cyane, kandi nyuma yo gushyiraho ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n’uw’igihe gito, leta ibiha agaciro gakomeye. Ibiro Bikuru bya Minisiteri ya Mbere y’Imashini byashyizeho itsinda ry’amashanyarazi rishinzwe impinduka mu bya tekiniki mu nganda z’amashanyarazi. Nyuma y’iperereza ryimbitse n’ubushakashatsi, itsinda ry’amashanyarazi ryatanze "Raporo ku bitekerezo ku iterambere ry’ingamba zo gukora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n’uw’igihe gito", yashyikirijwe Komisiyo Ishinzwe Igenamigambi rya Leta. Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi, hafashwe icyemezo cyo gushora miliyoni 52 z’amayuani mu nganda z’amashanyarazi kugira ngo hakorwe impinduka mu bya tekiniki kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cy’ibura rikomeye ry’umuvuduko mwinshi n’uw’igihe gito.valve no kugabanuka k'ubuziranenge vuba bishoboka.
1. Inama ebyiri za Kaifeng
Muri Gicurasi 1972, Ishami rya mbere ry’imashini ryakoze inama y’igihuguvalveInama y’akazi k’inganda yabereye mu Mujyi wa Kaifeng, mu Ntara ya Henan. Amashami 125 n’abahagarariye 198 baturutse mu nganda 88 zikora valve, ibigo 8 by’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi n’ibishushanyo mbonera, ibiro 13 by’imashini mu ntara no mu mujyi ndetse na bamwe mu bakoresha bitabiriye inama. Inama yafashe icyemezo cyo kugarura imiryango ibiri y’inganda n’urusobe rw’amakuru, inatoranya uruganda rwa Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory n’uruganda rwa Tieling Valve nk’abayobozi b’itsinda rikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n’umuvuduko muto, naho Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi cya Hefei General Machinery Research Institute n’Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi cya Shenyang Valve ni byo byari bishinzwe akazi k’urusobe rw’amakuru. Inama yanaganiriye kandi yiga ku ngingo zijyanye no “kuvugurura ibintu bitatu”, kunoza ireme ry’ibicuruzwa, ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki, igabana ry’ibicuruzwa, no guteza imbere ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubutasi. Kuva icyo gihe, ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubutasi byahagaze imyaka itandatu byarasubukuwe. Izi ngamba zagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ikorwa ry’ama valve no gusubiza inyuma ikibazo cy’igihe gito.
2. Ibikorwa byo gutunganya CV y'inganda no guhanahana amakuru
Nyuma y’inama ya Kaifeng mu 1972, amatsinda y’inganda yongeye gukora imirimo yayo. Icyo gihe, inganda 72 gusa ni zo zari zitabiriye gahunda y’inganda, kandi inganda nyinshi zikora valves ntizari zitabiriye gahunda y’inganda. Kugira ngo hategurwe inganda nyinshi zikora valves, buri karere gategura ibikorwa by’inganda uko bikurikirana. Uruganda rwa Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, Beijing Valve Factory, Shanghai Valve Factory, Wuhan Valve Factory,Uruganda rwa Tianjin Valve, Uruganda rwa Gansu High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, hamwe na Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory ni bo bashinzwe uturere tw’Amajyaruguru y’Uburasirazuba, Amajyaruguru y’Ubushinwa, Iburasirazuba bw’Ubushinwa, Amajyepfo yo Hagati, Amajyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba, n’Amajyepfo y’Uburengerazuba. Muri iki gihe, inganda z’ama-valve n’ibikorwa by’ubutasi byari bitandukanye kandi byaratanze umusaruro, kandi byakunzwe cyane n’inganda zo muri urwo rwego. Bitewe n’iterambere ry’ibikorwa by’inganda, guhanahana ubunararibonye kenshi, gufashanya no kwigira hamwe, ntibiteza imbere gusa kunoza ireme ry’ibicuruzwa, ahubwo binashimangira ubumwe n’ubucuti hagati y’inganda zitandukanye, ku buryo inganda z’ama-valve zagize umuryango umwe, mu buryo bumwe, mu buryo bufatanye. Mu gihe kizaza, hagaragara ahantu hakomeye kandi hakura.
3. Gukora "ivugurura ritatu" ry'ibicuruzwa bya valve
Dukurikije umwuka w’inama ebyiri za Kaifeng n’ibitekerezo by’Ibiro Bikuru bya Minisiteri ya Mbere y’Imashini, Ikigo Gikuru cy’Ubushakashatsi ku Imashini cyongeye gutegura akazi kanini ka "kuvugurura ibintu bitatu" gashyigikiwe n’inganda zitandukanye mu nganda. Umurimo wa "kuvugurura ibintu bitatu" ni umurimo w’ingenzi w’ikoranabuhanga, ukaba ari igipimo cyiza cyo kwihutisha impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga mu bigo no kunoza urwego rw’ibicuruzwa bya "valve". Itsinda rikora rya "kuvugurura ibintu bitatu" rikora hakurikijwe "ibintu bine byiza" (byoroshye gukoresha, byoroshye kubaka, byoroshye gusana no guhuza neza) n'amahame "y’ubumwe bune" (icyitegererezo, ibipimo by’imikorere, isano n’ibipimo rusange, ibice bisanzwe). Ibikubiye mu murimo bifite ibice bitatu, kimwe ni ukoroshya ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa byahujwe; ikindi ni ugushyiraho no kuvugurura ibipimo by’ibipimo bya tekiniki; icya gatatu ni uguhitamo no kurangiza ibicuruzwa.
4. Ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki bwateje imbere ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi
(1) Iterambere ry'amatsinda y'ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi n'ubwubatsi bw'ibirindiro by'ibizamini Mu mpera za 1969, Ikigo Rusange cy'Ubushakashatsi mu by'Imashini cyimuriwe i Beijing ijya i Hefei, maze igikoresho cya mbere cyo gupima ubukana bw'amazi kirasenywa, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka zikomeye ku bushakashatsi mu bya siyansi. Mu 1971, abashakashatsi mu bya siyansi bagarutse mu itsinda umwe umwe, maze laboratwari y'ubushakashatsi ku mashini yongera kugera ku bantu barenga 30, maze Minisiteri imuha inshingano zo gutegura ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki. Laboratwari yoroshye yubatswe, igikoresho cyo gupima ubukana bw'amazi kirashyirwaho, maze hakorwa imashini zihariye zo gupima umuvuduko, gupakira n'izindi mashini, maze ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki ku buso bwo gufunga no gupakira mashini butangira.
(2) Ibyagezweho by'ingenzi Inama ya Kaifeng yabaye mu 1973 yateguye gahunda y'ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki ku nganda zikora amavali kuva mu 1973 kugeza mu 1975, inatanga imishinga 39 y'ingenzi y'ubushakashatsi. Muri yo, hari ibintu 8 byo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ibintu 16 byo gufunga ubuso, ibintu 6 byo gupakira, ikintu 1 cy'igikoresho cy'amashanyarazi, n'ibintu 6 byo gupima no gukora isuzuma. Nyuma, mu kigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya Harbin Welding, ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku kurinda ibikoresho bya Wuhan, n'ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi ku mashini rusange cya Hefei, hashyizweho abakozi bihariye kugira ngo bategure kandi bahuze igenzura rihoraho, maze inama ebyiri z'akazi ku bice by'ibanze bya vali z'umuvuduko mwinshi n'uringaniye zaberaga kugira ngo hamenyekane ubunararibonye, gufashanya no guhanahana amakuru, inategura gahunda y'ubushakashatsi ku bice by'ibanze byo mu 1976 mu 1980. Binyuze mu mbaraga z'inganda zose, hari byinshi byagezweho mu bushakashatsi bwa tekiniki, bwateje imbere iterambere ry'ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu nganda zikora amavali. Ibisubizo byayo by'ingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:
1) Gufata ku buso bwo gufunga. Ubushakashatsi ku buso bwo gufunga bugamije gukemura ikibazo cyo kuva kw'imbere muvalveMuri icyo gihe, ibikoresho byo gufunga byari ahanini 20Cr13 na 12Cr18Ni9, byari bifite ubukana buke, ubushobozi buke bwo kwangirika, ibibazo bikomeye byo kuva kw'amazi imbere mu bicuruzwa bya valve, ndetse n'igihe gito cyo gukora. Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi cya Shenyang Valve, Ikigo cy'Ubushakashatsi cyo Gusuka Utudomo cya Harbin na Harbin Boiler Factory bashinze itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi rigizwe n'abantu batatu. Nyuma y'imyaka 2 bakora cyane, hakozwe ubwoko bushya bw'ibikoresho byo gufunga ubuso bya chrome-manganese (20Cr12Mo8). Ibi bikoresho bifite imikorere myiza. Ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo gushwanyagurika, igihe kirekire cyo gukora, kandi nta nikeli na chromium nke, umutungo ushobora gushingira ku byo mu rugo, nyuma yo gusuzuma tekiniki, ni ingirakamaro cyane mu kuzamura.
2) Ubushakashatsi ku byuzuza. Intego y'ubushakashatsi ku gupakira ni ugukemura ikibazo cyo kuva kw'amavali. Muri icyo gihe, gupakira amavali byari bigizwe ahanini na asbestos na asbestos ya rubber irimo amavuta, kandi imikorere yo gufunga yari mibi, byatumye amavali asohoka cyane. Mu 1967, Ikigo Gikuru cy'Ubushakashatsi ku Mishini cyateguye itsinda rishinzwe iperereza ku kuva kw'amavali kugira ngo rikore iperereza ku nganda zimwe na zimwe z'ibinyabutabire, inganda zitunganya peteroli n'inganda zitanga ingufu, hanyuma rigakora ubushakashatsi ku igeragezwa ryo kurwanya ingese ku gupakira no ku mitsi y'amavali.
3) Gupima imikorere y'ibicuruzwa n'ubushakashatsi bw'ibanze bw'inyigisho. Mu gihe cyo gukora ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki,inganda z'amavaliYanakoze cyane isuzuma ry’imikorere y’ibicuruzwa n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze bw’imitekerereze, kandi yageze ku bisubizo byinshi.
5. Gukora impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga mu bigo
Nyuma y’Inama ya Kaifeng mu 1973, inganda zose zakoze impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga. Ibibazo by’ingenzi byari biri mu nganda zikora valve icyo gihe: Icya mbere, inzira yari isubiye inyuma, gucukura byari byakozwe n’intoki gusa, gucukura igice kimwe, kandi ibikoresho rusange by’imashini n’ibikoresho rusange byakoreshwaga mu gukora mu buryo bukonje. Ni ukubera ko ubwoko n’ibipimo bya buri ruganda byikuba kabiri cyane, kandi umubare ni munini mu gihugu cyose, ariko nyuma yo gukwirakwiza buri ruganda, itsinda ry’umusaruro riba rito cyane, bigira ingaruka ku gukoresha ubushobozi bwo gukora. Mu gusubiza ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru, Ibiro Bikuru bya Minisiteri ya Mbere y’Imashini byatanze ingamba zikurikira: gutegura inganda zisanzwe zikora valve zifite umuvuduko mwinshi n’uw’ubushyuhe, gukora igenamigambi rihuriweho, kugabanya abakozi mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, no kwagura umusaruro mwinshi; gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, gushyiraho imirongo y’umusaruro, no gukorana mu nganda z’ingenzi n’izidafite ibikoresho. Imirongo 4 y’umusaruro w’icyuma cyakozwe mu icupa ry’icyuma yashyizweho mu icupa ry’icyuma, kandi imirongo 10 y’umusaruro w’ibice 10 yashyizweho mu nganda esheshatu z’ingenzi; miliyoni 52 z’amayuan yashowe mu guhindura ikoranabuhanga.
(1) Impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe Mu ihinduka ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ikoranabuhanga nk'ibumba ry'ibirahure by'amazi, umucanga urimo amazi, ibumba ry'amazi n'ibumba ry'ubushyuhe byamamaye. Ibumba ry'ubushyuhe rishobora gukora imashini idakoresha imashini cyangwa idafite imashini. Rikwiriye ku irembo, ipaki n'umubiri w'imashini n'ingofero y'imashini nto, hamwe n'inyungu zigaragara mu bukungu. Mu 1969, uruganda rwa Shanghai Lianggong Valve rwakoresheje bwa mbere uburyo bwo gutunganya imashini mu gukora imashini, kuri PN16, umubiri w'imashini ya DN50,
(2) Impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora mu buryo bukonje Mu ihinduka ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora mu buryo bukonje, ibikoresho byihariye by'imashini n'imirongo ikora ikoreshwa mu nganda z'amavali. Mu 1964, uruganda rwa Shanghai Valve No. 7 rwashushanyije kandi rukora umurongo w'ingufu zo mu bwoko bwa gate valve body crawler, ari wo murongo wa mbere w'ingufu zo mu bwoko bwa semi-automatic wakozwe mu nganda z'amavali. Nyuma yaho, uruganda rwa Shanghai Valve No. 5 rwashushanyije kandi rukora umurongo w'ingufu zo mu bwoko bwa semi-automatic wa DN50 ~ DN100 na bonnet mu 1966.
6. Guteza imbere ubwoko bushya bw'imbuto no kunoza urwego rw'imbuto zuzuye
Kugira ngo habeho ibyifuzo by'ibikoresho binini byuzuye nka peteroli, inganda zikora ibinyabutabire, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ibyuma n'inganda zikora ibinyabutabire, inganda zikora ibinyabutabire zirimo guteza imbere cyane ibicuruzwa bishya icyarimwe mu gihe cy'impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga, ibyo bikaba byarazamuye urwego rw'ibinyabutabire bihuye.
03 Incamake
Dusubije amaso inyuma kuva mu 1967 kugeza mu 1978, iterambere ryavalve Inganda zigeze kugira ingaruka zikomeye. Bitewe n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda zikora peteroli, ikoranabuhanga, ingufu z'amashanyarazi, ibyuma n'amakara, vali z'umuvuduko mwinshi n'iziciriritse zabaye "ibicuruzwa by'igihe gito". Mu 1972, ikigo cy'inganda zikora vali cyatangiye gusubukura no gukora ibikorwa. Nyuma y'inama ebyiri za Kaifeng, bakoze cyane "ibikorwa bitatu byo kuvugurura" n'ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki, batangira impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga mu nganda zose. Mu 1975, inganda zikora vali zatangiye gukosora, kandi umusaruro w'inganda warushijeho kuba mwiza.
Mu 1973, Komisiyo Ishinzwe Igenamigambi rya Leta yemeje ingamba z'ibikorwa remezo zo kongera umusaruro w'umuvuduko mwinshi n'uringaniyevalveNyuma y’ishoramari, inganda zikora ama-valve zakoze impinduka zishobora kubaho. Binyuze mu guhindura no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga, hari ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryakoreshejwe, ku buryo urwego rwo gutunganya ama-valve akonje mu nganda zose rwazamuwe ku rugero runaka, kandi urwego rwo gutunganya ama-valve akoresha ubushyuhe rwazamuwe ku rugero runaka. Nyuma yo guteza imbere uburyo bwo gusudira ama-plasma spray, ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa bya-valve zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n’uciriritse bwarushijeho kunozwa cyane, kandi ikibazo cya "kuvunika rimwe rigufi n’ibiri" nacyo cyarushijeho kunozwa. Hamwe n’irangira ry’imishinga 32 yo gupima ibikorwa remezo, inganda zikora ama-valve zo mu Bushinwa zifite umusingi ukomeye n’ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora. Kuva mu 1970, umusaruro wa-valve zikoresha umuvuduko mwinshi n’uciriritse wakomeje kwiyongera. Kuva mu 1972 kugeza mu 1975, umusaruro wariyongereye kuva kuri toni 21.284 ugera kuri toni 38.500, hiyongereyeho toni 17.216 mu myaka 4, bingana n'umusaruro wa buri mwaka mu 1970. Umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa vali zifite umuvuduko muto warahagaze neza ku rwego rwa toni 70.000 kugeza 80.000. Muri iki gihe,valve inganda zateje imbere cyane ibicuruzwa bishya, ntabwo ari ubwoko bw'amabati akoreshwa muri rusange gusa bwatejwe imbere cyane, ahubwo n'amabati yihariye yo gukoresha sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi, imiyoboro, umuvuduko mwinshi cyane, ubushyuhe buke n'inganda za kirimbuzi, indege n'izindi mabati zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye nazo zateje imbere cyane. Niba imyaka ya 1960 yari igihe cy'iterambere rikomeye ry'amabati akoreshwa mu buryo rusange, ubwo imyaka ya 1970 yari igihe cy'iterambere rikomeye ry'amabati akoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye. Ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira imashini zo mu rugovalve byaranogejwe cyane, ibi bikaba bihuye n'ibikenewe mu iterambere ry'inzego zitandukanye z'ubukungu bw'igihugu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-04-2022
