Amateka yiterambere ryinganda zubushinwa (3)

Iterambere rihoraho ryinganda za valve (1967-1978)

01 Iterambere ryinganda riragira ingaruka

Kuva mu 1967 kugeza 1978, kubera impinduka nini mubidukikije, iterambere ryinganda za valve naryo ryagize ingaruka cyane. Ibigaragara nyamukuru ni:

1. Umuyoboro ibisohoka byagabanutse cyane, kandi ireme ryaragabanutse cyane

2. Umuyoboro sisitemu yubushakashatsi bwa siyansi yatangiye gushingwa yagize ingaruka

3. Ibicuruzwa byumuvuduko wo hagati wibicuruzwa bihinduka igihe gito nanone

4. Umusaruro udateganijwe wumuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati watangiye kugaragara

02 Fata ingamba zo kurambura "umurongo mugufi wa valve"

Ubwiza bwibicuruzwa muriindangantegoinganda zaragabanutse cyane, kandi nyuma yo gushingwa ibicuruzwa bigufi byigihe gito kandi giciriritse, leta ibiha agaciro gakomeye. Ibiro Bikuru na Rusange bya Minisiteri yambere yimashini yashizeho itsinda rya valve kugirango rishinzwe guhindura tekiniki yinganda. Nyuma yiperereza ryimbitse nubushakashatsi, itsinda rya valve ryashyize ahagaragara "Raporo ku bitekerezo ku iterambere ry’ingamba z’umusaruro w’imyuka yo hejuru n’iciriritse", yashyikirijwe komisiyo ishinzwe igenamigambi rya Leta. Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi, hafashwe umwanzuro wo gushora miliyoni 52 yuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu kugiraindanga no kugabanuka kwiza vuba bishoboka.

1. Inama ebyiri za Kaifeng

Muri Gicurasi 1972, Ishami rya mbere ry’imashini ryakoze igihuguindangainganda zikora inganda mu mujyi wa Kaifeng, Intara ya Henan. Ibice 125 hamwe n’abahagarariye 198 baturutse mu nganda 88 za valve, ibigo 8 by’ubushakashatsi n’ibishushanyo mbonera, ibiro 13 by’imashini z’intara n’amakomine ndetse n’abakoresha bamwe bitabiriye iyo nama. Iyi nama yafashe umwanzuro wo kugarura imiryango ibiri y’inganda n’urwego rw’ubutasi, inatora uruganda rwa Kaifeng High Pressure Valve n’uruganda rwa Tieling Valve nk'abayobozi b’itsinda ry’umuvuduko ukabije n’umuvuduko ukabije, hamwe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cy’imashini za Hefei hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwa Shenyang Valve. Ikigo cyari gishinzwe imirimo y'urusobekerane. Iyi nama kandi yaganiriye kandi yiga ku bibazo bijyanye na “modern modernisation”, kuzamura ireme ry’ibicuruzwa, ubushakashatsi bwa tekinike, kugabana ibicuruzwa, no guteza imbere ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubutasi. Kuva icyo gihe, ibikorwa by’inganda n’ubutasi byahagaritswe imyaka itandatu byongeye. Izi ngamba zagize uruhare runini mugutezimbere umusaruro wa valve no guhindura ibihe byigihe gito.

2. Komeza ibikorwa byumushinga winganda no guhana amakuru

Nyuma y'inama ya Kaifeng mu 1972, amatsinda y'inganda yasubukuye ibikorwa byayo. Muri kiriya gihe, inganda 72 gusa nizo zagize uruhare mu ishyirahamwe ry’inganda, kandi inganda nyinshi za valve zari zitaritabira umuryango w’inganda. Kugirango utegure inganda nyinshi za valve zishoboka, buri karere gategura ibikorwa byinganda. Uruganda rwa Shenyang Rwinshi na Hagati Uruganda, Uruganda rwa Valve, Uruganda rwa Valve, Uruganda rwa Wuhan,Uruganda rwa TianjinUruganda rwa Gansu Rwinshi na Hagati Yumuvuduko Wuruganda, na Zigong Uruganda Rwinshi rwa Valve Urwego rushinzwe Amajyaruguru yuburasirazuba, Ubushinwa bwamajyaruguru, Ubushinwa bwiburasirazuba, Amajyepfo yo hagati, Amajyaruguru yuburengerazuba, n’amajyepfo yuburengerazuba. Muri kiriya gihe, inganda za valve nibikorwa byubwenge byari bitandukanye kandi byera imbuto, kandi byari bizwi cyane ninganda zikora inganda. Bitewe niterambere ryibikorwa byinganda, guhanahana ubunararibonye kenshi, gufashanya no kwigira hamwe, ntabwo biteza imbere ubwiza bwibicuruzwa gusa, ahubwo binongera ubumwe nubucuti hagati yinganda zitandukanye, kuburyo inganda za valve zashizeho ubumwe bumwe , hamwe, ukuboko mukiganza Kujya imbere, byerekana ibintu byiza kandi bikura.

3. Kora "bitatu bigezweho" byibicuruzwa bya valve

Dukurikije umwuka w’inama zombi za Kaifeng n'ibitekerezo bya Biro Ikomeye na Biro Nkuru ya Minisiteri ya mbere y’imashini, Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’imashini cyongeye gutegura umurimo munini wa valve nini “eshatu zigezweho” ku nkunga itandukanye. inganda mu nganda. Igikorwa cya "bitatu bigezweho" nigikorwa cyibanze cya tekiniki, nigikorwa cyiza cyo kwihutisha ihinduka ryikoranabuhanga ryibigo no kuzamura urwego rwibicuruzwa bya valve. Itsinda rya “valve modernisations” itsinda rikora ukurikije “bine nziza” (byoroshye gukoresha, byoroshye kubaka, byoroshye gusana no guhuza neza) na “bine bihuza” (icyitegererezo, ibipimo ngenderwaho, guhuza hamwe nuburinganire rusange, ibice bisanzwe ) amahame. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byakazi bifite ibintu bitatu, kimwe nukworoshya ubwoko bwahujwe; ikindi ni ugutegura no kuvugurura icyiciro cyibipimo bya tekiniki; icya gatatu ni uguhitamo no kurangiza ibicuruzwa.

4. Ubushakashatsi bwa tekinike bwateje imbere iterambere ryubushakashatsi bwa siyansi

. Mu 1971, abashakashatsi mu bya siyansi basubiye mu itsinda umwe umwe, maze laboratoire y’ubushakashatsi ya valve yiyongera ku bantu barenga 30, kandi ishinzwe na minisiteri ishinzwe gutegura ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki. Laboratoire yoroshye yarubatswe, hashyirwaho igikoresho cyo gupima ibintu bitemba, hanyuma igitutu cyihariye, gupakira hamwe nizindi mashini zipimisha zarakozwe kandi zirakorwa, kandi ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki hejuru yikimenyetso cya valve no gupakira byatangiye.

. Muri byo, hari ibintu 8 byo gutunganya ubushyuhe, ibintu 16 byo gufunga hejuru, ibintu 6 byo gupakira, ikintu 1 cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi, nibintu 6 byo kwipimisha no gukora. Nyuma, mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Harbin Welding, Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bwo kurinda ibikoresho bya Wuhan, n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw’imashini za Hefei, hashyizweho abakozi badasanzwe kugira ngo bategure kandi bahuze ubugenzuzi buri gihe, kandi hakozwe inama ebyiri z’akazi ku bice by’ibanze by’imyuka ihanitse kandi yoroheje. vuga muri make ubunararibonye, ​​gufashanya no kungurana ibitekerezo, hanyuma hashyirwaho 1976 -Ibice by’ibanze by’ubushakashatsi mu 1980. Binyuze mu mbaraga zumvikanyweho n’inganda zose, hari byinshi byagezweho mu bikorwa by’ubushakashatsi mu bya tekiniki, byateje imbere iterambere ry’ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi muri valve inganda. Ibisubizo byingenzi byingenzi ni ibi bikurikira:

1) Shyira hejuru yikimenyetso. Ubushakashatsi bwa kashe bugamije gukemura ikibazo cyo kumeneka imbereindangantego. Muri kiriya gihe, ibikoresho byo hejuru bifunze byari 20Cr13 na 12Cr18Ni9, byari bifite ubukana buke, kutambara neza, ibibazo bikomeye byo kumeneka imbere mubicuruzwa bya valve, nubuzima bwa serivisi. Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Shenyang Valve, Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Harbin Welding n’uruganda rwa Harbin Boiler bagize itsinda ry’ubushakashatsi butatu. Nyuma yimyaka 2 yo gukora cyane, hashyizweho ubwoko bushya bwa chrome-manganese bifunga ibimenyetso bifatika (20Cr12Mo8). Ibikoresho bifite imikorere myiza. Kurwanya neza gushushanya, kuramba kumurimo muremure, kandi nta nikel na chromium nkeya, umutungo urashobora gushingira murugo, nyuma yisuzuma rya tekiniki, ni ingirakamaro cyane mukuzamurwa.

2) Kuzuza ubushakashatsi. Intego yubushakashatsi bwo gupakira ni ugukemura ikibazo cyo kumeneka kwa valve. Muri kiriya gihe, gupakira kwa valve byari ahanini byatewe na asibesitosi yatewe amavuta na asibesitosi ya reberi, kandi imikorere ya kashe yari mibi, ibyo bikaba byaratumaga valve ikomera. Mu 1967, Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi rusange cy’imashini cyateguye itsinda ry’iperereza ry’amazi yo hanze kugira ngo rikore iperereza ku nganda zimwe na zimwe z’imiti, inganda zitunganya amavuta n’inganda z’amashanyarazi, hanyuma zikora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwo kurwanya ruswa ku gupakira no ku giti.

3) Ibizamini byo gukora ibicuruzwa nubushakashatsi bwibanze. Mugihe ukora ubushakashatsi bwa tekiniki,ingandayakoze cyane kandi igerageza ryibicuruzwa nibikorwa byubushakashatsi bwibanze, kandi byageze kubisubizo byinshi.

5. Gukora impinduka zikoranabuhanga munganda

Nyuma y'inama ya Kaifeng mu 1973, inganda zose zakoze impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga. Ibibazo by'ingenzi byari bihari mu nganda za valve muri kiriya gihe: Icya mbere, inzira yasubiye inyuma, gukina byari bikozwe mu ntoki rwose, guteramo igice kimwe, hamwe nibikoresho rusange byimashini hamwe nibikoresho rusange byakoreshwaga mubikorwa bikonje. Ni ukubera ko ubwoko nibisobanuro bya buri ruganda byigana cyane, kandi umubare ni munini mugihugu cyose, ariko nyuma yo kugabura kwa buri ruganda, icyiciro cyo kubyaza umusaruro ni gito cyane, bigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yubushobozi. Mu rwego rwo gukemura ibibazo byavuzwe haruguru, Biro Ikomeye na Rusange ya Minisiteri y’Imashini ya mbere yashyize ahagaragara ingamba zikurikira: gutunganya inganda zisanzwe ziciriritse n’iziciriritse, gukora igenamigambi rihuriweho, kugabanya imirimo mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, no kwagura umusaruro rusange; fata ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, shiraho imirongo yumusaruro, kandi ufatanye ninganda zingenzi. Hashyizweho imirongo 4 y’ibyuma bidafite akamaro byashyizweho mu mahugurwa y’ibyuma, kandi hashyizweho imirongo 10 yo gutunganya imbeho y’ibice mu nganda esheshatu zingenzi; miliyoni 52 zose zashowe mu guhindura ikoranabuhanga.

. Gutora neza birashobora kumenya chip-nke cyangwa ndetse no gukora chip-yubusa. Irakwiriye kumarembo, gupakira gland na valve umubiri na bonnet ya diameter ntoya, hamwe nibyiza byubukungu. Mu 1969, Uruganda rwa Shanghai Lianggong Valve rwabanje gukoresha uburyo bwo gutara neza kugirango rutange umusaruro, kuri PN16, DN50 yumuryango wa valve,

. Nko mu 1964, Shanghai Valve No 7 Uruganda rwateguye kandi rukora urugi rwa valve umubiri wikurikiranya rwumubyigano wa sem-automatique, rukaba arirwo murongo wa mbere wumuvuduko ukabije wa valve igice cyikora mu nganda za valve. Icyakurikiyeho, Uruganda rwa Shanghai No 5 Uruganda rwateguye kandi rukora umurongo wogukora igice cya DN50 ~ DN100 cyumuvuduko ukabije wisi wa valve umubiri na bonnet muri 1966.

6. Gutezimbere cyane ubwoko bushya no kuzamura urwego rwuzuye

Mu rwego rwo guhaza ibikenerwa n’ibikoresho byinshi byuzuye nka peteroli, inganda z’imiti, ingufu z’amashanyarazi, metallurgie n’inganda zikomoka kuri peteroli, inganda za valve zitezimbere cyane ibicuruzwa bishya icyarimwe cyo guhindura ikoranabuhanga, ryateje imbere guhuza urwego rwibicuruzwa.

03 Incamake

Dushubije amaso inyuma kuri 1967-1978, iterambere ryaindanga inganda zigeze kugira ingaruka zikomeye. Bitewe niterambere ryihuse rya peteroli, imiti, ingufu zamashanyarazi, metallurgie ninganda zamakara, indangagaciro zumuvuduko mwinshi niziciriritse zahindutse "ibicuruzwa byigihe gito". Mu 1972, ishyirahamwe ryinganda za valve ryatangiye gusubukura no gukora ibikorwa. Nyuma yinama zombi za Kaifeng, zakoze cyane "modernisations eshatu" nakazi ka tekiniki yubushakashatsi, bituma habaho impinduka zikoranabuhanga mu nganda zose. Mu 1975, inganda za valve zatangiye gukosorwa, kandi umusaruro winganda wafashe intera nziza.

Mu 1973, Komisiyo ishinzwe igenamigambi rya Leta yemeje ingamba z’ibikorwa remezo zo kongera umusaruro w’umuvuduko ukabije kandi wo hagatiindanga. Nyuma yishoramari, inganda za valve zakoze impinduka zishoboka. Binyuze mu guhindura ikoranabuhanga no kuzamura iterambere, hifashishijwe tekinoroji yateye imbere, ku buryo urwego rwo gutunganya ubukonje mu nganda zose rwazamutse ku rugero runaka, kandi urwego rwo gukoresha imashini zitunganya amashyuza rwazamutse ku rugero runaka. Nyuma yo guteza imbere gahunda yo gusudira plasma spray, ubwiza bwibicuruzwa byumuvuduko mwinshi kandi wo hagati wumuvuduko mwinshi byatejwe imbere cyane, kandi ikibazo cy "kimwe kigufi na bibiri gisohoka" nacyo cyaratejwe imbere. Kurangiza no gukora byimishinga 32 yibikorwa remezo, inganda za valve zubushinwa zifite umusingi ukomeye kandi n’umusaruro mwinshi. Kuva mu 1970, umusaruro wumuvuduko mwinshi kandi uringaniye wakomeje kwiyongera. Kuva mu 1972 kugeza mu 1975, umusaruro wiyongereye uva kuri 21.284t ugera kuri 38.500t, hiyongeraho 17.216t mu myaka 4, bihwanye n’umusaruro w’umwaka wa 1970. Umusaruro w’umwaka w’ibicuruzwa bito bito byifashe neza ku rwego rwa 70.000 kugeza kuri toni 80.000. Muri iki gihe,indangantego inganda zateje imbere cyane ibicuruzwa bishya, ntabwo gusa ubwoko bwimyanya rusange yibikorwa rusange byatejwe imbere cyane, ariko kandi nububiko bwihariye bwamashanyarazi, imiyoboro, umuvuduko ukabije, ubushyuhe buke ninganda za kirimbuzi, icyogajuru nibindi byerekezo byihariye bifite yateye imbere cyane. Niba 1960s yari igihe cyiterambere rikomeye ryintego rusange-intego, noneho 1970 yari igihe cyiterambere rikomeye ryimyanya yihariye. Ubushobozi bwo gushyigikira murugoindanga yatejwe imbere cyane, ihuza ahanini ibikenewe byiterambere byinzego zinyuranye zubukungu bwigihugu.